The Positive Accounting Science Vs Theory Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Positive Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction Two theories have been defined by the theorists namely normative accounting and positive accounting theory. The positive accounting theory has been emphasized in the given article and the more importantly one research project has been undertaken which is far more than the positive accounting theory. The article has been able to give the defense in respect of the research project in half way. Though positive accounting has been in discussion among various economists and companies but the concept of positive accounting research has been made known to everyone through this article. The major aim of the author is to understand what are the factors or reasons that influence the workers including the officers of the company engaged in the company to behave in the particular manner especially in the account settings. The main aim of the study is to have an understanding that the positive accounting research is much wider than the positive accounting theory (Kabir, 2011). It is so because wh enever the scientific hypothesis is attached to any project it becomes bigger and allow the organization to understand the results of each and every activity of the individuals employed in the organization.(Christensen, 2016). The structure of this review will start from the introduction which will include the main aim and main argument of the study and detailing the structure to be followed for the review. Under second heading, the summary of the article has been mentioned. The summary is the synopsis of the whole article detailing the aim, model adopted and conclusion. Under the third heading, the question of the research has been detailed. The question that have come into the mind of the researcher and on which he has worked has been described specifying its value and flow. Under the fourth heading, the framework which the author has developed has been discussed. Before concluding the study, the subject under study is analysed with its gained importance and suffered limitations i s discussed. Synopsis of the Article In the article, the researcher has viewed the positive accounting research as the scientific project and claims that the same will be helpful in understanding what are the factor that have compelled employees to behave in the different way knowing its incorrect and what are the out comings of the same behavior of the employees. This claim has been the main aim of the researcher. Second main aim of the researcher is to emphasize and establish that the positive accounting research project is the big scientific project. In order to achieve the aim and to clarify the main argument and establish the fact, the researcher has adopted various theories. The theory includes theoretical theories as well as the practical theories. These theories have helped the researcher to describe the importance of the subject under study and how these theories have helped to make good framework. Thereafter, moving to the practical framework wherein the model prescribed by Kuhn and the model of Popper falsifi cation of hypothesis have been detailed and described. Through the use of these theories the author has been able to reach at many conclusions. The conclusion that he has drawn from the study is that the positive accounting research have been able to help the users in getting the understanding of the reasons of the different outcomes and at the last has reached to the ending conclusion that the research project cannot be treated as full scientific project. The article has made the contribution mainly to the big organizations. Underlying Question The question of research is very important while conducting any type of research. It is due to the fact that without defining the element of the research no research can be undertaken and otherwise it will be vague in total. The question of research shall be very well defined and should have clear perspectives. Therefore, it is the question of research which helps the researcher to proceed with the research and to come up with the defined and desired results. Although there are many question of the research, but here only two major questions will be discussed. At first the researcher has questioned that whether the positive accounting research project being taken under study will be able to justify itself that it is the part of the wider scientific project and will satisfy all the experiments that will be taken to confirm the presence of scientific hypotheses and results. Secondly, the researcher has questioned throughout the study that along with being the scientific project whether the study so undertaken will be able to provide necessary explanations and observations to judge whether the cause and effect relationship of humans can be very well understood and seen (Ghanbari, 2016). These factors include not only the financial matters but also the non financial matters. The research question has been flowed throughout the study and thats why the best qualities of the scientific research program at the end of the study are given. Underlying Framework Framework is the structure which is adopted by every person to carry on their work in the particular and defined line and with predefined objectives therein. If no structure is developed for any work then the company or any person will end up with confusion and thereby the results will be equivalent to zero (Trang and Thao, 2016). The author has used both the theories and the practical models to develop the framework for the study and successful completion of the project. It has laid down the scientific hypotheses, statistical and quantitative models and hence has provide the basis as to how to conduct the study. Researcher had first started with basic scientific hypotheses which details that: Different communities in the world exists The event in this world are caused by the communities present in the worldAny common person can lay out the observations from the event andThese observations will further help in explaining the cause and effect relationship of the event happened and the repercussions and cause for the same. (Williams, 2012). Thereafter the theory of Georgia has been included: In this whole no person or any other living or non living thing existsIn case it is known that something exists, then it does not have any form of knowledgeIn case if any one got to have knowledge then it cannot be communicated easily. The author has also included the model of Kuhn which has described the following: Any sort of activity will be played within the defined group of peoplePerson who wins the activity will be given rewardThe winning person generally belongs to rich people Though this model is good but it does not fit into the scientific project. After theoretical theories the mathematical measure of popper criteria for falsification of hypothesis has been detailed. It is the statistical method and has been applied using the measures defined in statistics. In this two variants have been considered. One is auditor and second one is auditee and represented on X axis and Y axis respectively. The functions which led to increase or decrease in the graph by joining the meeting joints of both axis is defined which includes auditor remuneration, etc. Thereafter the graph prepared from these jotting of relationship so observed has been analyzed. At the end conclusion has been made. In this way, proper and defined framework has been followed. Importance and Short Comes Apart of having the defined research question and the defined and proper framework, the research has suffered the limitations and at some places these limitations have been acknowledged by the researcher. The major limitation is linked with the Kuhn model as in this model the prizes are received by the people who are in the richest group (Hauschild and Reimsbach, 2015). It does not involve the intellectual people to have prizes. It is to just award the prizes to the group members on the regular meeting as per their schedule. The second limitation that the author has recognized is that the research program so undertaken has not received much significance because of the fact that the research program does not have the qualities that every scientific research program should have. The same fact has been very well acknowledged by the author at the time when he was analyzing his finding out of the study. After these limitations that the author has recognized, the qualities that are require d from the successful research program has been detailed this again shows that the article contains the limitations. This is the main theoretical conclusion that the author has taken from the theories. Though the article has been suffered from many limitations but the importance that it has gained from the complex organizations is tremendous as the companies have started following the same practice and have included the same as in the internal control procedures and policies of the company. Not only the companies having complex structure or expanded business are following the same but also the government sectors including the government owned or partially owned organizations are incorporating the same in their financial system. The limitations that the article has suffered had not deviated the author to change his methodology in any manner. It is because the all the methods that should have been engaged have been engaged by the author in good spirit and the aim an argument that the author has flowed through the whole research have been met although the main aim have been met half but it cannot be said that due to limitations the author have changed his methodology. Thus, the above are the duly acknowledged limitations and significance. Conclusion The review has been started with introduction of the topic and thereby outlining the main argument along with the main objectives of the research. Thereafter summary of the whole of the article has been given. Further the question of research or the research element have been mentioned which has led the researcher to conduct the research. After defining the research of the question, the framework of the whole paper has been discussed in detail as to how it has been prepared and how it has led to the research element come into place. The above is followed by the good and appropriate conclusion along with the qualities from successful research program. References CHRISTENSEN, H.B, (2016). Accounting information in financial contracting:The incomplete contract theory perspectiveJournal of Accounting Research,54, 388-434. KABIR H, (2011), Positive Accounting Theory and Science, available at https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjsj8vtt63TAhXFto8KHdnUA-oQFggsMAEurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcentrumwebs.pucp.edu.pe%2Fjcc%2Fdownload%2FfkAdf7sgitL2hEhNjN6NG6IR8_zLpDiuY-manPR1sDI%252Cusg=AFQjCNEUgpMfpj30pYQTWaUdvsNuJsqoQw accessed on 18-04-2017. GHANBARI, M., (2016), PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science available at https://www.irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_2849_160224091446.pdf accessed on 14/04/2017.. HAUSCHILD B AND REIMSBACH D, (2015), Testing vs Building accounting theory with Experimental Research: Insights from management research, Journal of Behavioral Accounting and Finance, Vol.1, 83-89 TRANG T AND THAO P, (2016), Positive Accounting An effective trend for Vietnamese Accounting in the New Area, available at https://www.rusnauka.com/29_PMN_2015/Economics/7_198718.doc.htm accessed on 17/04/2017. WILLIAMS P, (2012), The Logic of Positive Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting Organizations and Society, Vol. 14, 5-9