The Power of One

The Power of One, Booth, an Afrikaner, symbolizes the racial hatred and ignorance in Africa. Booth, unknown and foreign to other cultures and races, abuses P. K. For being the only English boy in a school of Afrikaners. The only way he knows how to cope with others different to himself is to abuse and to humiliate. He blames his own faults on those who have less authority. Booth is a symbol for all those in Africa who don't care for anyone but their own race. Booth does not accept P. K. So he sakes P.K. Regret even coming to the school. He bullies P. K. For being English. He would call P. K. â€Å"Bishop† and spit in his face, showing disrespect. Booth's hatred makes P. K. So terrified that he would wet his bed every night in fear, while Booth is the fearful one. His ignorance breeds fear. For P. K. ‘s whole school year, he had one friend, Mother Courage. Booth knows that the only way to hurt P. K. Is to kill his only friend, as well as his confidence. He hangs Mother Co urage and kills her by slinging a rock at her. Then he hangs P.K. , but Just as he is about to sling a rock at P. K. , Booth gets caught and gets expelled. Booth's fear of P. K. Gets him in trouble. His fear breeds hate. As the movies progresses, Booth's grudge over P. K. Heightens. Before, Booth would try to crush P. K. ‘s entire source of happiness, but once he notices It was not good enough, he goes for P. K. Instead. He blames P. K. For getting him expelled and â€Å"ruining† his life. He comes back for P. K. , attempts to kill him, and kills the African tribes. His hatred at P. K. Ads him to hate on all the South Africans helping him. He destroys the town and kills most of the Africans Just to find P. K. HIS hate breeds violence. Booth Is the obstacle that blocks P. K. And all the Black South Africans to happiness Just like racism and Ignorance was the obstacle for all of Africa. Ignorance breeds fear. Fear breeds hate. Hate breeds violence. Sadly, this describes B ooth's attitude toward P. K. And the South Africans. No matter how hard Booth tried to bring P. K. ‘s spirit down, P. K. Always won. It shows that P. K. N stand up to the abuse of Booth, as well as the black Africans can fight against the racism and Ignorance African persisted upon. By Mohammedan Booth would try to crush P. K. ‘s entire source of happiness, but once he notices it was destroys the town and kills most of the Africans Just to find P. K. His hate breeds violence. Booth is the obstacle that blocks P. K. And all the Black South Africans to happiness Just like racism and ignorance was the obstacle for all of Africa. Ignorance Booth, as well as the black Africans can fight against the racism and ignorance

Dante Alighieri’s Inferno Paper Essay

Inferno is the first part of Dante Alighieri’s 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. Inferno is an allegory telling of the journey of Dante through Hell, guided by the Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is described as nine circles of suffering located within the Earth. Allegorically, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul towards God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin. Because Dante is an educated Christian, he uses mythological references to make Hell visually appealing. Dante is guided By Virgil because he believes Virgil represents human reason, something very important to Dante. The two poets begin their journey to Purgatory by descending into the first circle of Hell. The first circle of the nine is Limbo. Limbo is â€Å"a region on the edge of hell for those who are not saved even though they did not sin† (University of Texas). In Limbo, there is a castle with seven gates which symbolize the seven virtues (historylis ts.org). This castle houses the great poets Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan; it also houses great philosophers such as Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Heraclitus, Orpheus, and Euclid. Dante uses the allusion of Aristotle as â€Å"[a] man with honor and respect† (http://apliterature-sasd.wikispaces.com). The second circle is known as Lust. Lust consists of the â€Å"people who were overcome by lust† (University of Texas). The souls in Lust â€Å"are punished by being blown violently back and forth by strong winds, preventing them to find peace and rest† (historylists.org). The strong winds symbolize the restlessness of a person who is led by desire for another person. Dante comes across a couple, Francesca and Paolo, who were murdered because they were practicing adultery. Lust is guarded by the mythological creature Minos. Minos’ tail determines which level each and every soul belongs. Once a soul has told Minos why they are in Hell, his tail coils around his body and e ach coil represents a circle in Hell. Dante uses Minos as the â€Å"king of sinners† because Minos himself was surrounded by sinner during his lifetime. The Third circle is known as Gluttony. Gluttony is where the Gluttonous sinners suffer under a cold and filthy rain. Gluttony is guarded by Cerberus, the three-headed dog. Dante â€Å"adapts him to be more monstrous by his large size and ravenous bite, an apt symbol for gluttony† (foxtwin.com). Dante uses particular names for particular people in each circle. A prime example of this would be when Dante and Virgil come across Ciacco the most gluttonous  man. He warns Dante that their hometown, Florence, will be destroyed. The fourth circle, avarice and prodigality, is known for housing those who lust for material needs and those who keep their wealth all for themselves. The punishment for this circle is to carry around large boulders and bump against each other. â€Å"The boulder represents money and the weight of the boulder represents its weight in their lives† (University of Texas). Here, Virgil and Dante come across Plutus, the God of Wealth. Dante uses Plutus to symbolize â€Å"those that squander and gather money† (foxtwin.com). The two Poets also come across Dame Fortune, the spinner of the world. As a result of her spinning wheel, things turn from good to bad. Dante uses Dame Fortune to represent chance in a human’s life. The fifth circle represents Wrath and Sullenness. â€Å"Wrath is anger that is expressed and Sullenness is and that is repressed† (University of Texas). Dante and Virgil are transported across the Styx by Phlegyas,† the infernal employee†. Phlegyas is in Hell because he set fire to the temple of Apollo. The sixth circle represents Heresy. In Heresy, the heretics lie in tombs made of iron and engulfed in flames. While in Heresy, the Poets are temporarily halted and must wait for the help from Heaven. While waiting for help, Infernal Furies taunt and curse them. The seventh circle, Violence, is divided into three kinds of violence. The first is violence against neighbor s on the bloody River Phlegethon. The river is not made of water, but of blood. Here, Virgil and Dante come across the Centaurs, the half-man and half-horse creature. The poets also come across the Minotaur. The Minotaur occasionally eats seven young men and women, in which Dante uses to symbolize violence. The second violence is against self in the Woods of Self. â€Å"The souls of those who destroyed their bodies or their substance are here to be made into thorny trees† (foxtwin.com). Since the souls destroyed their own bodies, they were denied any resemblance to a body in Hell. The leaves of these trees were painfully eaten by the Harpies. The third violence is against God, Art, and Nature on the burning sand. The eighth circle consists of the fraudulent sinners. This circle is shaped similar to an arena with â€Å"ten concentric ditches where the sinners are tortured† (foxtwin.com). Each ditch is composed with different types of fraudulent sinners: the Panderers, the Flatterers, the Simoniacs, the Fortune Tellers, the Grafters, the Hypocrites, Thieves, and Deceivers. In circle eight, the Poets meet the complex monster Geryon. Geryon would lure  in his victims and then devour them, allowing Dante to use him as fraud. Dante also uses Pope Nicholas II as a symbol as fraud. The final circle is known as The Treacherous or Cocytus. Cocytus â€Å"is the coldest place in Hell† (University of Texas). This circle consists of four smaller circles: Caina, Antenora, Ptolomea, and Judecca. Dante uses three unnamed giants to symbolize â€Å"pride and other spiritual flaws lying behind acts of treachery† (University of Texas). Dante, in his work Inferno, uses several historical and mythological figures to show his Christian devotion and Greek mythological knowledge. He also used these figures to make the poem a better read and to make modern connections of the t ime.

Robbery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Robbery - Essay Example This is even though both theories profess to be ones that posit their assumptions based on the criminal event - human ecology. The study ends with advice on how the inclusion of all people from all walks of life can enable a successful precautionary as well as preventive approach to crime as a whole and robbery in particular. Though some very elaborate theories are often proposed to explain robberies in the negative contexts of mental health and social problems the main and very down-to-earth explanations come from the perpetrators themselves - money, thrills, drugs and peer influences. These reasons, some of them quite trifling, are the principal propellants that induce persons to attempt to take by force things of some value from other persons. As representative of overall international demographical trends Canadian statistics reveal that robbery is almost the exclusive preserve of the young male. In Canada just 5 % of those accused of robbery are female, about two-thirds of those accused are below 25 and almost no accused is above 50. Also, approximately 16 % of those accused are young offenders (Research Division, Correctional Service of Canada, 1995). Though the derived statistics is slightly dated study of recent literature reveals that the trends persist to the present day for most countries, incl uding the USA. Another alarming trend revealed by statistics for robbery is that it is the crime most feared by victims. This is even though is constitutes about 10 % of all violent crimes committed in Canada (Research Division, Correctional Service of Canada, 1995). This is because robbery involves a high probability of suffering physical harm from a total stranger and it can happen to anyone anywhere, at any time. Robbery offenders are also more likely to use weapons than other offenders. About one quarter of robberies involve usage of fire-arms, one quarter involves usage of other weapons like clubs and knives and one half involves usage or threat of some sort of physical force. Also, what is alarmingly important, from the victims' point of view, is that almost one quarter of robbery victims in Canada sustained some sort of minor physical injury with about 4 % being treated medically either at the scene of the crime or at a medical facility after transportation there from the scene of crime (Res earch Division, Correctional Service of Canada, 1995). Another good indicator of the seriousness of the crime is that almost 80 % of offenders accused of robberies are incarcerated while, for offenders of other crimes convicted at Canadian federal courts during the same period, the figure is only 23 %. Statistics for those sentenced for two years or more in prison reveal that 20 % are there for robbery offenses. A December 31, 1994, survey revealed that almost one third of all federal offenders were identified as robbery ones (Research Division, Correctional Service of Canada, 1995). As mentioned earlier the statistic is slightly old but not much has

Primate Observation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Primate Observation - Research Paper Example The unjust treatments subjected to the non-human primate species denies present and future humanity the chance to study and understand the closest relatives of the human species. Evidently, the study of the non-human primates such as gorillas, apes and chimpanzees offer insightful learning opportunities pertaining to their physical and social characteristics as well as relationship with human behaviour. To this end, the subsequent sections will delve into the primate description of two major non-human species. These are the gorillas and chimpanzees. The description will examine their social and mating structures, food acquisition strategies and intelligent levels. Furthermore, the literature herein will offer comparative analysis between the gorillas and chimpanzees as well examine their regional distribution. The final section will delve into the relationship between the two non-primates and the understanding of human behaviour. Primate Descriptions a) Gorillas The gorilla primates are evidently the largest cohort of the primate family. They also exhibit the closest relation with humans as 98% of their DNA is in conformity to man’s DNA (Jurmain, 157). Gorillas are mostly land dwelling animals since they do not climb trees. The gorillas are classified into two different species with four sub-species that are determined based on their physical characteristics and their geographic location. The first species is Gorilla gorilla with sub-species of G. g. gorilla, from western lowland and G. g. diehli from cross river (Taylor, 100). The second species is Gorilla beringei with sub-species of G. b. Graueri also known as eastern lowland and G. b. beringei also known as mountain gorilla (Taylor, 100). To this end, the subspecies vary in their habitats with distinct physical characteristics and different numbers of populations. In this regard, the Western gorilla and Eastern gorilla species are classified based on their geographic location within their African hab itat. The Eastern Gorilla has two subspecies known as the Eastern lowland gorilla and Mountain gorilla. The Eastern lowland gorilla is located in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Jurmain, 159). Their population is classified as endangered with less than 3000. Their physical characteristics place them as the largest among the gorilla species. They also have shorter hair and teeth compared to the mountain gorillas as well as possessing the longest arms. On the other hand, the mountain gorilla is classified as critically endangered as their population currently stands at less than 720. Their physical characteristics are consistent with angular nostrils, a wide face and a large skull. Moreover, it has longer hair and larger body compared to the eastern lowland gorilla (Taylor, 102). The two sub-species of the Western Gorilla are Western Lowland Gorilla and Cross River Gorilla. The Western lowland gorilla is also classified as critically endangered with a population of less than 100,000 (Taylor, 105). Its species is located in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Furthermore, its physical characteristics entail a silver-back colouring on the males which also covers the thighs. The hair on their heads is also redder. On the other hand, the Cross River Gorilla has a population of approximately 300 and labelled as critically e

Letter to the editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Letter to the editor - Essay Example A leader should use synergy to relate to staff. Synergy is created by promoting self-management in the team. The team members should not be pushed to work but, instead they should have a collective responsibility. They should work under minimal supervisions and instructions. Each member should be committed to work without crossing each other’s path. They should learn to coexist with others and work together. The synergy enhances collective responsibility and this enables the team members to work in harmony. It also ensures everybody gets included in the decision making process of the team. The employees should be encouraged to share and offer advice to each other. Team members ought to be encouraged to try and experiment new ideas will help in the innovativeness of the team. The leader should create platforms for accountability and responsibility to ensure every team member has a role to play as this will minimize conflicts. A team leader should ensure there is communication in the team to avoid conflicts. He should offer supportive and open environment for free sharing of ideas and information. This can be ensured by convening frequent meetings and encouraging every member to be open. Every member should communicate and share the challenges he faces in their respective duties. The leader should find time with the individual team members, so that he gets informed on the challenges in the team. The leader should encourage collective responsibility in problem solving. This will encourage members to be united irrespective of their culture differences. Communication is a key factor to success as it enables the effective linking and coordination among the team members. When the members get well coordinated the team is rigid and purpose driven. It will also enhance respectful relations among the team members and reduce the level of conflicts in the organization. To manage conflicts a leader has to assign

International Businesses And Knowledge Transfer Essay

International Businesses And Knowledge Transfer - Essay Example Focusing on this construct, the current discourse will be developed using theory and literature relevant to internationalization while focusing on the main factors driving or contributing to knowledge transfer and development as well as highlight factors, if any, that inhibit this process. An overall conclusion will be drawn based on the findings from the entire study before reflecting on the entire learning and relating the same to practical experiences wherever feasible.  Etemad (2013) stressed that literature points to numerous reasons why businesses decide to explore international opportunities that could be related to internal and/or external factors. Internal factors are usually related to organizational factors such as organizational goals and objectives; and external factors are related to the environmental drivers such as competition in host countries, the huge business potential in international locations/markets, changing workforce demographics and economic situations et c. Based on these factors, organizations adopt different approaches to establish their businesses in international spheres. Based on these approaches, various theories have been formulated to explain the nature and reasons of internationalization of firms, some of which include Vernon’s (1966) life-cycle theory, Johanson and Vahlne’s (1977) Process theories, Bilkey and Tsar’s (1977) innovation-diffusion theories, the internalization theories (Buckley & Cason, 1976) and the Eclectic paradigm of multinationals by Dunning (1988); the latest additions include two models: AAA-framework by Ghemawat (2007) and gateway-hub model by Prahalad and Bhattacharyya (2008).  Knowledge transfer is a part of knowledge management process, which has been comprehensively explained by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1994), and this forms the foundation of all knowledge-related studies in organizations Dalkir.

Scientific laws do not describe true facts bout reality Essay - 1

Scientific laws do not describe true facts bout reality - Essay Example These assumptions and estimates date back since the invention of science. Many scientists have come up theories and assumptions which have also find their way into scholarly books. This boosts the continuity of the theories generation after generation. Scientific laws are viewed as the reason as to why the globe is evolving in to a new planet of inventions. However, questions are asked as to whether these laws are real or just what are forced to believe. According to Cullen as much as there are errors involved in coming up with scientific theories, people tend to completely believe scientific inventions (67). The essay will provide insight as to why scientific laws do not describe true facts about reality. Scientific laws include the application of many formulae. As is it proven no human being can be 100 percent efficient and accurate. As scientist come up come with these formulae there is an obvious assumption that some errors and estimates are included in the invention of scientific laws. The estimates and errors are evidence that the assumptions displayed by scientific laws mat not provide the accurate facts about reality. According to Godfrey-Smith if a theory or law is based on assumptions there is always a probability that the law cannot be completely accurate (102). If the laws were based on facts rather than scientific assumptions, it would be logic to argue on the fact that scientists are accurate in their findings (Hempel, 211). In an argument by Rosenberg he argues that scientific explanation is casual explanation (94). There is not much evidence of formal or completely proven explanations. Science only tries to explain already existing phenomena with laws invented from results. It is for this reason that it becomes evident that any formula can be applied to come up with known result. This case can be compared to a person given an answer to arithmetic then asked to come up with a formula. This becomes easy as any

Occupational Health and Safety Management Essay - 1

Occupational Health and Safety Management - Essay Example Occupational health and Safety management promotes a safe and sound working environment for the workers and also ensure health to them. Safety and health of the employee are crucial to any organization as it is directly related to the productivity of an organization. According to (BIS,2010)â€Å"Health and safety are important aspects of an organization’s smooth and effective functioning. Good health and safety performance ensures an accident-free industrial environment†. As the working environment becoming riskier, all organization are more aware of the health hazards looming around them and hence implements an OSHMS to ensure safety and security of the employees. â€Å"OHSAS 18001 is designed to place a proactive and preventative emphasis on risk control factors by identifying and assessing the likelihood of hazards in the workplace. OHSAS 18001 can be implemented by organizations of all sizes and in any industry†(TUV). When an organization conforms to the stan dards and regulation of OHSM then the employees, clients and all people related to the firm are ensured safety. The OHSM initiated occupational health and safety policies, plan them effectively, implement it and also monitor and take corrective action. They make sure that the organization consistently follow their guidelines and make improvement in the work place environment. The OHSM also implement conditions on the site layout in case of construction companies in order to avoid fatalities and risk.

The Value Issues Positive vs. Negative PowerPoint Presentation

The Value Issues Positive vs. Negative - PowerPoint Presentation Example There are four steps a manager should follow that is; establish credibility, connect with the audience, reinforce your position and frame goals to observe a common ground. According to McClelland, power is a basic motivator stirred by the desire to have a strong impact on others. There are two faces of power the personal power and socialized power. Personal power places an individual in a situation of I win and you lose thus dominate over them. Conversely, socialized power is where one is concerned by the needs of others placing the individual in win- win situation. Although socialized power is a positive attitude towards power, individuals degenerate and inculcate the personal power. Managers face a hoard of questions while doing their duty. In fact, some managers feel that in order to be influential they have to give out less power to the workers which are wrong thinking. Power is paradoxical, the more you give the more you

Sherlock Holmes and The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes and The Speckled Band Essay Watson takes notes for Holmes as well as accompanying him to dangerous situations and even tales a gun with him. Watson is never busy as a doctor but has medical knowledge. He shares the same code of honour as Holmess rights and wrong. The villains are less realistic than the characters of Holmes and Watson, using more exaggeration. Dr. Grimsby Roylott has a connection with gypsies and went to India with them and brought back dangerous exotic animals with are a red herring in the story. He is a doctor like Dr. Watson with specialist knowledge. He is a brutal bully who insults Sherlock Holmes. John Clay is the least developed of the three characters and a little like Moriatry with a sense of mystery, bright and intelligent. Moriarty is Sherlock Holmess equal adversary and a criminal genius (good gone wrong). Once he has lost most of his power he becomes even more dangerous on a professional level for Sherlock Holmes himself. Moriarty will devote his whole energies to revenging himself upon Holmes. He tracks Holmes down very effectively and seemingly, takes him to his death. The Sherlock Holmes stories have a very unique setting and use of descriptive atmosphere. When Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson get to Reichenbach falls you get a very distinct sense of mystery, dangerous and dramatic like we as the reader kind of guess whats going to happen. There is lots of detail to London, Baker Street, country house with varied settings to give tremendous atmosphere and mystery. This comes into effect in the Red Headed League and The Final Point especially. The style and structure is very simple, its written in first person narrator by Dr. Watson. Direct speech brings alive different charters and personalities. Descriptions of charters and settings are a reason to the plot. The Speckled Band is a muscular mystery, the Red Headed League is to do with the values of property and money, The Final Point is politics and crime put together and they all have a moral code at the heart of the stories which is to bring bad people to justice. The Speckled Band and Red Headed League has a straight forward structure with the problem introduced and eventually solved by Holmes. However in The Final Point Dr. Watson is forced to use detective powers demonstrated to him by his friend Holmes in realising both Holmes and Moriatry are dead. Between 1887 and 1927, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote sixty Sherlock Holmes stories, and his great Canon has become the most praised, most studied, and best-known chapter in the history of detective fiction. Over twenty thousand publications pertaining to the Sherlock Holmes phenomenon are known to have been published, most of them historical and critical studies. In addition, however, almost since the first stories appeared, such was their uniqueness and extraordinary attraction that other authors began writing stories based on or derived from them. A new genre had appeared: pastiches; parodies; burlesques; and stories that attempted to copy or rival the great detective himself. This is why Sherlock Holmes is the most popular, entertaining and strong examples of popular crime writing which is still read a century later. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Impact of Fast Fashion on Sustainability

Impact of Fast Fashion on Sustainability Impact of fast fashion in the development of sustainable materials. Introduction Fast fashion is ever increasing which puts a strain on the promotion of sustainable materials. This paper will outline the effects of fast fashion and the development of eco materials and other ways that can be maintained within sustainable system, within the fashion industry, and also by looking at slow fashion company People Tree (Sailsbury, 2011), and Swedish mega company H&M and their sustainable outlook within their brand (The H&M Group, 2016). The documentary ‘The True Cost’ is referenced, as it shows every aspect in the production process, that everyone should watch as fashion consumers. From farmers to designers, they all make their statement why sustainability is in need for ethical and environmental reasons (The True Cost, 2015). Most sustainable fabrics are often made from natural materials that use less water and contain fewer chemicals, these are the materials which need to be made more aware of, they take longer to make but are worth our sacrifice (Shen, 2014). Most retailers have a fast fashion strategy, make it, sell it, buy it and then dispose of it. However, this is causing major backlash on our environment and the people who produce it (The H&M Group, 2016).   The impact of fast fashion is what’s going to be left to our future, as we rely on things being instant to us. What would happen if things that took a little longer would not just benefit us, but a whole generation? These days we use up more natural resources on things that can be cut down on, and produce more hazardous waste that our planet simply cannot retain (Joy , et al., 2012). Contextualisation Fast fashion is a term that has come about from high street retailers, such as Topshop, H&M and the Spanish retail giant Zara, creating and producing their own versions of luxury fashion goods. These imitations of luxury items form the basis for their trends for each season, and are produced on a mass scale to sustain the ‘deeply held desires among young consumers’  (Joy , et al., 2012). The industry works at such a fast speed and to such a huge scale that the time period from the luxury products being shown on the catwalk to being imitated and produced by the various high street retailers and ending up in our hands, is very little and in turn puts a huge strain and pressure on every part of the industry (Joy , et al., 2012). As these garments are being made at a ridiculously fast rate, the quality of fabrication and production has been compromised and thus the products become more disposable as new stock is always being made available to the consumer. This is the core concept of fast fashion and its function in the fashion system (Claudio, 2007). With this the environmental footprint of each piece clothing grows and grows as high street stores continue to ramp up the rate of production with the aim of flooding the market with more and more trend focussed disposable products (Black, 2012, p. 216). The beginning of the garments, start with the actual materials used. The most used fabric is cotton, that uses ‘a quarter of pesticides used in the US’ (Claudio, 2007). Not to mention the amount of water and energy used to wash and dry it, the environmental waste impact, and this is before it has been shipped to another country for the actual making process. There are efforts to make these more sustainable by using organic cotton, which the pesticides have been removed and are made using ‘nontoxic farming methods’ (Black, 2012, p. 216).Modified (GM) cotton farming sparks a huge debate, as an environmental and an ethical impact. There are 50 million cotton farmers in the world today and most of them live in developing countries such as India. These farmers rely on GM cotton as a super crop, however they are under huge amounts of ‘consumer pressure’, which has had some major backlash and resulted in debts from these farmers, which led to their suicides as a result of unpaid loans to these GM cotton seed manufactures, who are based in the US   (Black, 2012, p. 192). There are other sustainable materials that can be used, and is more sufficient, and doesn’t cause environmental and social devastation. Organic and sustainable fabrics are available which reduce energy and water consumption whilst keeping down co2 emissions, these fabrics are left out by the big fast fashion brands, as they take longer to make and are carefully traced from seed to product   (Shen, 2014). Fast Fashion consumers It’s all for the consumer and our need of wanting the latest styles and brands. Clothing and fashion become two different ideals. Clothing answers more to what we need, wool jumper to keep warm, whereas fashion is a style and can be disposed of when the next trend comes along (Black, 2012). Some fashion brands try and initiate some kind of sustainable intent into their brands, for example Topshop released a sustainable line called reclaim, launched by eco line From Somewhere (Quiros, 2015). However, as purchasers acknowledge the environmental attempt, they still stick to the same style and quality (Hill & Lee, 2015).   Fast fashion allows our desires of luxury clothes to come true and sustainability is not something style conscious consumers link to fashion  (Joy , et al., 2012, p. 276).   Sustainability is not promoted enough in magazines and by big fashion labels, and with a hefty price point it’s no wonder young consumers don’t buy into the trend  (Claudio, 2007). During the World War 2, the phrase ‘make do and mend’ came into effect as people would recycle or made to measure for another family member  (Strasser, 2000). Sustainability, as mentioned before is what consumers need to do to conquer fast fashion. It can be explained by ‘making a current generation’s needs, without compromising those of a future generations’ (Joy , et al., 2012). Brands that promote sustainable fashion should target the needs and wants of this generations style, size and quality. This is hard as, within these brands that do promote these environmental friendly materials, not a lot of information is given on their impact and the amount of style options available are limiting (Hill & Lee, 2015). Slow fashion comes with sustainability, this is a process were they support and empower workers, promote up recycling, renewable and eco-friendly raw materials (Henninger, et al., 2016). The industry is developing ‘eco fashion’ to help overcome the high demand, according to ‘The International Standards Organisation (ISO) they will develop labels that can examine clothing to meet the criteria of environmental friendly and sourced (Claudio, 2007). This will allow the identification of sustainably sourced and manufactured garments to be recognised within a brand. Consumers treat ethical fabrics as less refined than organic food, however they both share the same working and environmental qualities (Black, 2012). Materials that impact sustainability To look at fast fashion and sustainability you have to go back to the main materials that holds all our fashion wants and desires together. The two most common fabrics used worldwide are cotton and polyester (Lee, 2009). Polyester is a manmade fibre that along with other synthetic materials, is time consuming and produces vast amounts of sub sense like ‘crude oil, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter and acid gases’ (Claudio, 2007). Most polyester and anything blended with it lets out and by gas that has a toxic effect on the repertory system, liver and skin (Lee, 2009). Cotton is used in more than half of the total fibre of all clothing used today and produces huge amounts of chemical and water waste thanks to its new genetically modified fibres.(The True Cost, 2015). GM cotton farming, as mentioned before is a pesticide used to kill insects, such as the bollworm, which destroys the cotton plant (Black, 2012). Cotton is a natural fibre, but is inundated with these modifications that keep the cost low and the produce high (Claudio, 2007). The death of many Indian farmer’s deaths have been linked to production of GM cotton seeds, edosulfan is a chemical, that when absorbed into the skin is life threatening (Lee, 2009). Other materials have been used to encourage the ethical process of sustainable fabrics, however when looking into these fabrics you have to take the energy use for production into consideration and the pollution it in turn gives off (Makko & Koskennurmi Sivonen, 2013). Even in the dyeing process a raw material can take anywhere between 80 – 800 litres of water (Lee, 2009). To conquer this the Regulation, Evaluation, Authentication, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), have made a legislation within the European Union to make ‘manufactures and producers to identify and verify the chemicals used in their products’ (Claudio, 2007). Sustainable fabrics. Going back to traditional methods of processing fabric is eco-friendlier compared to the waste just from dying the fabrics alone, but it is harder to cater to the mass market, however it gives one more of an appreciation to the design and process of the fabric (Henninger, et al., 2016). Designer brands tend to use local handcrafted methods more as this gives the items more durability, style and quality, and also effects the economic and social side to sustainability (Joy , et al., 2012). This works for traditional methods that use animal by products such as wool, leather and silk, but this costs more than making cheaper manmade fabrics that can mimic these materials (The True Cost, 2015). Another method to help sustainable fabrics make an impact is upcycling/recycling. Old clothes, bottles and other manufacturing castoffs, can all be included in sustainable fabrics, also high street giant Marks and Spencer’s created a suit line all made from recycled materials (Shen, 2014). As mentioned before Topshop has a sustainable extension line, ‘Reclaim’ which is made by upcycling other garments, from vintage buttons to a simple cotton t-shirt and leftover stock (Quiros, 2015). We all have clothes that get left behind and are of a good quality and durability that we can swap with friends or others giving that item a new lease of life (Lee, 2009). Donating and buying from charity/thrift shops is an easy way to help sustainable materials get the long use out of them and, even if they are made in a fast fashion environment and by donating these garments to third world countries that resale them on market stalls or give them to local people who need clothes that they can endure (Black, 2012).   In New York, there is a family that runs Trans- America Trading Company, that take all the unused clothes and divided them into loads of categories like, size and fibre content and recycle them into all sorts of things, from upholstery stuffing to industrial rags (Claudio, 2007). When it comes to luxury garments, consumers tend to make more ‘investment purchases’ and as these are made from good quality and they tend to be more of a better quality, making it more durable (Henninger, et al., 2016). Although some charities and countries are being inundated with masses of clothes from the US and European consumers who’s excessive purchasing is increasing all the time, as production costs from fast fashion get cheaper (The True Cost, 2015). In order to overcome these materials that are of an environmental hazard, new fabrics are being created that are sustainable and offer unique selling points to consumers (Henninger, et al., 2016). Designers need to realise and understand that protecting the environment can have a more beneficial economic effect, thus making and souring sustainable materials (Whitfield, 2009) Organic cotton is of course the obvious material that should be promoted more even if you have to pay more for it. Organic cotton is free from hazardous pesticides that harm the environment and cause sever health conditions (Lee, 2009). For a garment to be 100% organic cotton it has to not be genetically modified (GM), which accounts for 30% of all cotton grown, to make sure this is correct, you have to look out for The Soil Association’s label that ensures environmental and social criteria   (Black, 2012). Linen a natural material made from flax, which is plant based. Linen is much harder to iron than cotton which makes it consume more energy, but in terms of water use and harmful toxins, which makes it have much smaller ‘environmental profile’ than organic cotton (Chapman & Hollins, 2010). Made from wood pulp, Tencel. This material is made from the eucalyptus tree, which uses no harmful pesticides and very little water. This material is also biodegradable, and its absorbency level is very high making it easy to dye (Black, 2012) Inego is a polymer which is a plant based fibre, made by a corn by-product, that can be spun and weaved together into other materials. Versace has been known to use this fabric in their collections (Claudio, 2007). Salmon skin has been used in accessories, shoes and bikinis. This material is valuable and flexible and is less toxic in the tanning process than leather, and can be used as a by-product (Whitfield, 2009). At this point consumers are fully aware of the environmental and social awareness in the fashion industry. Yet why do consumers ignore this and but fast fashion appeal? (Park & Kim, 2016). To address the issues of how a brand can be sustainable they should keep in mind the ‘Triple Bottom Line’ effect that looks at sustainability in 3 ways, ‘environmental, economic and social sustainability’ (Park & Kim, 2016). An example of a high street store that adheres to the TBL effect and continues to develop its sustainability within its brand is H&M, the Swedish multinational retail store (Black, 2012). They have their own sustainable program ‘Conscious Action’, this initiative makes consumers donate unwanted clothes to any H&M store in return for a 15% off coupon to spend ion their stores. This system is made to create more jobs in less developed countries, use more recycled and environmental friendly fabrics and to educate consumers to be more ethical to carry out this sustainable concept (Shen, 2014).They also work closely with the suppliers and include information, so that it can be tracked along the whole process (Black, 2012). Every year H&M release a report on how they can promote sustainability and be a Fairtrade company. As H&M, is a massive successful retailer with more than 5 other sister brands. They have really paved the way for being a sustainable high street store. In the report they outline how they are continuously trying to develop new technologies to help recycle garments, they want to find a way to make renewable blended fibres and a way to capture carbon, by investing in start-up companies such as, Swedish company Sellpy who help people sell their unwanted clothes. Normal retailers work in a linear model, they create the product, the customer buys it and then throws it away. H&M work in a circular way, by products staying in the system longer and then recycled into a new product (The H&M Group, 2016). People Tree is a slow fashion brand, which means that it produces fewer garments for each season and takes away all the harsh realities fast fashion promotes. They design beautifully made garments that can be traced right from the source, and lead the way for sustainable production whilst having decreasing environmental change. People tree products can be found in high street stores such as Topshop, Asos and Selfridges, they are nowhere near as big as H&M, yet they are a perfect example of how a smaller company can be a representative for sustainable fashion, not only by being more involved in every aspect of production but by being able to tell the story of the brand through all their efforts to reach this environmental accomplishment (Sailsbury, 2011). it is one of the first sustainable companies to be recognised by the Global Organic Textile Standards (GOTS) (Black, 2012). Evaluation Fashion is everywhere. To the person in front or behind you, we constantly are looking at brands and styles, but we never really know what we are looking at, who made it and where is it from, thanks to fast fashion and its ever changing ways, we are all getting lazy and not appreciating what we are wearing (Chapman & Hollins, 2010). When it comes to fast fashion and its harsh outputs not only into the environment but also the horrendous social side, like the Indian cotton farmers committing suicide for not being able to pay their fees to the organisations who create GM cotton seeds, or the water and co2 consumption being made just by washing and dyeing cotton and other materials (Black, 2012). Our needs and wants are putting the environment under too much pressure. We need to cultivate our usage and encourage other stores that make an impact on this planet not just to the climate but to the people who make these garments under horrendous conditions whilst getting paid an unfairly amount, that’s why we need to promote sustainable materials, so that big fast fashion high street stores recognise their potential (Joy , et al., 2012). Sustainable fashion helps create and reach out to a wider consumer base, which ‘promotes their responsibility for society and environment’ (Shen, 2014).Natural fibres use much less energy than their synthetic counterpart but some use a bit more water, however when using these materials, it is more beneficial because they are made in a Fairtrade surrounding (Chapman & Hollins, 2010). Like the H&M report, we should also look towards recycling as a renewable source, as it is something we can already do by clearing out our wardrobes and sending these unwanted clothes to H&M stores or places where they buy these second hand clothes (The H&M Group, 2016). We need to change our shopping habits. But as long as we appreciate our purchases more and buy things that last long, it would be more of an immediate effect rather than waiting for these mega stores to re think their environmental footprint. People Tree, is a nice representative of a slow fashion brand that from the start has promoted fair and equal trade on all its garments. They can source where, who and what the product has gone through to end up in our hands (Sailsbury, 2011).Slow fashion is considered a high price for quality rather than quantity (Henninger, et al., 2016), when fast fashion is all about that bargain with more amounts, that don’t last and are of a bad quality (Abeles, 2014). Bibliography Abeles, T. P., 2014. Fast Fashion and the Future. On The Horizon, 22(2), pp. 157-160. Black, S., 2012. The Sustainable Fashion Hnadbook. London: Thames & Hudson. Chapman, D. A. & Hollins, O. R. &. C., 2010. Enviromental footprint of different textiles and comparison of cotton and linen (flax) fabric, Aylesbury, UK: Oakdene Hollind research and consulting. Claudio, L., 2007. Waste Couture : Enviromental Impact of the Clothing Industry. Enviromental Health Perspectives, 115(9). Craik, J., 2003. The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion. Brisbane, Australia: Routledge. Henninger, C. E., Alevizou, P. J. & Oates, C. J., 2016. What is Sustainable Fashion. Journel of Marketing and Management : An International Journel, 20(4), pp. 400-416. Hill, J. & Lee, H.-H., 2015. Sustainable Brand Extensions of Fast Fashion Retailers. Journel of Fashion Marketing and Management , 19(2), pp. 205-222. Joy , A. et al., 2012. Fast Fashion, Sustainability, and the Ethical Appeal of Luxury Brands. Fashion Theory, 16(3), pp. 273-296. Knox, K., 2011. Culture to Catwalk. Lonon: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Lee, M., 2009. Moral Fibres : whats the most sutainable fabric?. Ecologist, Volume 1, p. 39. Makko, M. & Koskennurmi Sivonen, R., 2013. Designing Sustainable Fashion: Possibilities and Challenges. Research Journel of Textile and Apparel, 12(1), pp. 13-22. Minney, S., 2016. Slow Fashion Aesthetics meets Ethics. Oxford: New International Publications Ltd. Park, H. & Kim, Y.-K., 2016. An empiricle test of a tripple bottom line of consumer-centric sustainability: the case of fast fashion. Fashion and Textiles, 3(25). Quiros, C., 2015. Topshop Launches First-Ever Sustainable Fashion Line. Paste Magazine, 15 July. Sailsbury, P., 2011. Green Business: People Tree. The Ecologist, 6 April. Shen, B., 2014. Sustainable Fashion Supply Chain: A Lesson from H&M. Sustainability, 11 10, pp. 6236-6249. Strasser, S., 2000. Waste and Want: a socal history of trash. New York : Holt Publishers. The H&M Group, 2016. Sustainability Report 2016, Stockholm : The H&M Group. The True Cost. 2015. [Film] Directed by Andrew Morgan. USA: Life Is My Movie Entertainment Company. Whitfield, J., 2009. Sustainable F ashion. Nature, Volume 459, p. 915.

The Power of Language in American Culture Essay -- Term Papers Researc

The Power of Language in American Culture Culture is a part of everyone's life, whether we choose to express it in our everyday lives or to just be aware of its presence. A major part of one's culture is a defining language. The topic of assimilation versus multiculturalism directly relates to culture in America, and even more specifically to the power of language in American culture. Since language is the basis of communication I think that all immigrants must assimilate to a certain degree by speaking English, while preserving their heritage if they choose to do so. Language is a very powerful thing. It is the way that people communicate with each other. For a foreigner living in America I think that this is essential. This is why I believe that if a foreigner only attempts to learn English, then they are already assimilating to American culture. Whether or not they choose to change their whole lifestyle into an American way of life, if they take on the English language then they are assimilating to a certain extent. Amy Tan is the author of the essay Mother Tongue. In this essay, she explains how the power of language has influenced her life through her mother and the experiences they have had together concerning her mother's English-speaking ability, or lack there of. She was born into a Chinese family where both Chinese and English were spoken. She is sensitive to and accepting of people's lingual differences. She talks about how the inability to speak English well in America gives others the wrong impression: "...everything is limited, including people's perceptions of the limited English speaker" (Tan 13). She is saying here that prolific English speakers place limitations on people who have limited English-speak... ...who you ask. It can mean many different things to many different people. I don't think that there is one right answer to the question: What is American culture? One thing for sure is that in order to truly be a part of a culture, you must be able to communicate with those around you. Therefore, I think it is essential that foreigners learn and speak English while preserving their heritage in America. The English language is a very powerful and useful tool. To those who enter this country, it can mean the difference between taken seriously or being taken for granted. Sources Cited Bray, Thomas. "Memorial Day and Multiculturalism." Detroit News 24 May 1998. 25 September 2005. . Tan, Amy. "Mother Tongue." Across Cultures. Eds. Sheena Gillespie and Robert Singleton. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999. 26-31.

Minimizing Effects of Foreclosure Crisis Essay examples -- Economics E

Even though I believe that education can help solve this problem, I do not believe that it alone can prevent our current foreclosure crisis. Other factors, along with education, need to be considered. Our financial mess is not only due to our own ignorance regarding financial matters and personal responsibility, but it has also been elevated by our government’s failed policies that have exacerbated an already fragile market. Politics have played a major role in our failures for a majority of Americans. When government policies are created to elevate a particular sect of the American population, for example, home ownership, those who were on the bubble for loan approval are susceptible. These individuals who were eventually approved, but then cannot sustain monthly payments, are doomed for at least a fall if not a total failure. To address the issue of education, I will point to a 2004 survey conducted by The National Council on Economic Education. The survey points out that since 2004 there are only seven states that mandate their students take a course on basic finances as a requirement for their high school graduation. Comparing the results of the survey to the individual states ranking in the category of home foreclosures, we see that this type of education has a dismal effect. According to the NCEE’s survey, thirty-eight states set school standards that indicate they want money issues and financial themes to be taught; however, many states do not enforce the standards and have not made them a part of their curriculum. By looking at the survey, we see that the following states have implemented a basic finance class as part of their required curriculum since 2004: Alabama, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, New Y... ...ollment surpassing that of our higher education system. A Responsible Citizenship curriculum will do no good unless the principles of that education are embraced and applied to our daily lives. If applied, people may be able to avoid or minimize a future foreclosure crisis and the resulting economic fallout. Works Cited Fulmer, Melinda. "States Ranked by Foreclosure Rates." MSN Real Estate. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. . "Public School Spending." Epodunk: The Power of Place. June 2004. Web. 24 Oct. 2010. . "Survey of the United States: Economic and Personal Finance Education in Our Nation's Schools in 2004." National Council on Economic Education, 2004. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

How Love is Expressed in the Hunchback of Notre Dame Essays -- Victor H

Throughout the novel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, many forms of love appear. There is true love that comes from the heart and is pure and on the other hand there is a lustful love which is not love at. Another love that is shown throughout the book, is love obsession, where one falls in love with someone and puts them before everything. In the Hunchback one can observe these loves and how they compare to one another as well as which one is best and why. In the end we will be able to see that even though there are many forms of love, many of them do not come from the right place and have the right intentions. As a result one will suffer from expressing the wrong types of love. The first love is a lustful love. This is where one is more attracted to the person’s body rather than the person themselves. Lust, according to the Webster dictionary, can be described as a very strong sexual desire. This is what Phoebus was feeling when he meets Esmeralda. He desires her looks, but not her heart. He was not really feeling love but just tricking her. As a result he was stabbed, almost died, and caused Esmeralda to be hopelessly in love with him even though he did not love her back. Another love that is presented in the Hunchback is a love that comes from desperation and/or frustration. It is when one falls in love with someone simply because they were the first person they ran into to get away from their problems. The problem with this love is that the person who expresses it is not truly feeling love. There are so many problems in their life that they think that by loving someone they will be able to escape their problems. That someone was Esmeralda for Claude Frollo. She happened to be there when he was frustrated and as a result became... ...er way and never betrayed her. He did all this even though he knew she would never love him back. That is true love. From the things written above one can see the different forms of that were taken from the book, the Hunchback of Notre Dame. It can be observed how much one can about love from the books we read. One can also learn the greatest form of love and how to express it. One has learned that it is impossible to love without showing it. Out of all the loves mentioned above, true love is the best and the only real love. If one truly loves he/she will find themselves having room to love even more. For one can never love too much. Love is something that one should do every day and continue to do for the rest of one’s life. One needs to do whatever it takes to keep on loving. For in the words of William Shakespeare "If music be the food of love, then play on."

Education in the UAE Essay

Modern educational system of the UAE, which was introduced in the beginning of the 1970s, comprises a number of private and governmental educational establishments available both for male and female students. It has 4 academic levels, including primary, preparatory, secondary and higher education. The first three levels are compulsory. Governmental schools, colleges and universities are opened for the students to study for free. Currently, about 40% of educational establishments in the UAE are private (The US Department of State, 2007). The development of the country’s educational system started in the early 1900s, when a lot of engineering schools and colleges were opened throughout the country, including the Taimia Mahmoudia (opened in 1907), Al Ahmadia (1912), Al Otaiba (1930), Al Qassemia (1935) and many others. By the early 1950s, Al Qassemia became the first systematical school, where students were provided with organized curriculum and a system of exams, and it was the first educational establishment to launch school diplomas. In 1971, when the Emirates were united and the Ministry of Education was established, the modern era of education in the UAE has started. Several important educational reformations were implemented and a series of universities were established, including UAE University (1976), Higher Colleges of Technology (1988), Zayid University (1998) and others. In 2003, the first international education zone was opened in Dubai, which is currently a center of the country’s e-learning, development and research. According to the US Department of State, 25% of total federal spending is directed to education (The US Department of State, 2007). As a part of the governmental plan â€Å"Education 2020†, since the beginning of the century such important structural changes took place in education, as enhancement of elementary school curriculum, introducing new English language programs, launching innovative teaching techniques focused on self-learning, opening new up-to-date educational facilities and so on. References Taboor, A. A. (2008, February 28). History of Education. The Ministry of Education. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from: . The US Department of State. (2007). United Arab Emirates country profile. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from: .

Chance within the play Romeo and Juliet Essay

George Aberto once said â€Å"above anything else, fate is what brings lovers together.† In Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet, fate, chance, and coincidence are all important to the development and eventually the conclusion of this tragedy. Without these three closely related themes the play would not have been able to make it out of the first act. These themes are pivotal to the development of the play and there are many instances where this is very obvious. These themes play a part in the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues, the invitation of Romeo to the ball, and the death of the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet. For as long as the two families, The Capulets and The Montagues, can remember, they have both been at war with each other and held an â€Å"ancient grudge† (Prologue). The purpose and goal of this feud is never revealed thus it must be assumed through the Prologue that their hatred is solely based on tradition from past generations. This feud is visible within the first line of Act 1 Scene 1 where Sampson, a servant of the Capulet family says that he will â€Å"not carry coals† (1.1.1). He says this in talking to another servant, Gregory, about how he will not be humiliated by a Montague servant. This allows the audience to see the importance of the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo, a Montague, and Juliet, a Capulet, meet and fall in love at the ball in Act 1 Scene 5. This is visible in Romeos dialogue â€Å"O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! / It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night / Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear.† (1.5.46-48). It is chance that Romeo’s true love happens to be part of the family he was brought up to hate. Romeo is aware that Juliet is a Capulet but Juliet is not aware that Romeo is a Montague and even though the feud between the families is existent, fate takes its course and allows enough time for Juliet to fall in love with Romeo. Therefore, once Juliet learns that Romeo is a Montague, she has already fallen in love with Romeo and she cannot turn back now. This is one of the most important examples of fate in the play because if she had known that Romeo was a Montague she would have never pursued a relationship with him and the rest of the play would have never turned out the way it had. Romeo and Juliet’s relationship begins at the Capulets house during the ball  without Juliet knowing that Romeo is a Montague although the fate involved in getting Romeo to the ball is just as important as Juliet not knowing Romeos last name because if Romeo would not have gone to the ball then he would have never met Juliet and fallen in love with her. It all starts with one of the Capulets servants in the streets of Verona with a list of the different guests which are invited to the ball. This list contains the names Mercutio, Tybalt, and Rosaline among others. The servant which is given the list is not able to read and this is another example of fate because once Benvolio learns that Rosaline is going to be at the ball he decides that him and Romeo will attend. Benvolio wants to â€Å"Compare her face with some that I shall show / And I will make thee think they swan a crow.† Meaning that he will bring Romeo to the ball to show that a comparison of Rosaline with other girls will make a difference and possibly relieve his sadness and love for Rosaline. This is also fate because if Rosaline was not invited, Benvolio didn’t create a plan, and if the servant would have been able to read then Romeo would have never been invited and he would have never met Juliet. The meeting of the two lovers is important although the death of the two lovers is probably one of the most important roles fate plays in the play. The first instance where fate makes its mark leading up to the death of the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, is when the Prince banishes Romeo from the city of Verona for the death of Tybalt. The Prince reacts to the situation by saying that â€Å"for that offence / Immediately we do exile him hence.† This gets the ball rolling on the events that will lead to the two lovers death. After Romeo flees on the recommendation of Benovlio, Romeo finds himself hiding out in Friar Laurance’s Cell and then in Mantua. The next event which fate is involved in is the idea of Juliet faking her death so that she is not required to marry Paris. Friar Laurence devises a plan which he tells Juliet in Scene 1 of Act 4 as they are both talking in the Friar’s cell. He tells her to: Hold, then; go home, be merry, give consent To marry Paris: Wednesday is to-morrow: To-morrow night look that thou lie alone; Let not thy nurse lie with thee in thy chamber: Take thou this vial, being then in bed, And this distilled liquor drink thou off, (4.1. 91-96) These lines explain everything she must do so that she does not have to marry Paris and can be with Romeo instead, although he has forgotten to tell her one thing. That one thing is that the Friar has not told Juliet to tell Romeo that she is going through with this plan, faking her death. Friar Laurence realizes this and sends Friar John to give Romeo, who is hiding in Mantua, the message of his plan. What happens next is a perfect example of chance and coincidence. Right as Friar John is preparing to deliver the message an outbreak of the Plague occurs in the city of Verona and Friar John â€Å"could not send it,–here it is again,- / Nor get a messenger to bring it thee, / So fearful were they of infection† (5.2.14-16). Therefore this causes Romeo to not receive the message of the Friar’s plan but instead he receives news of Juliet’s death so it then becomes a race to the tomb, in which Juliet was placed, to stop Romeo from seeing Juliet dead. So Friar Laurence â€Å"Now must I to the monument alone; Within three hours will fair Juliet wake†(5.2.25-27) . Fates second last appearance in the play occurs Romeo arrives at the tomb first, before the Friar, and he sees Juliet, his love, â€Å"dead†. If the Friar would have arrived first, Romeo and Juliet would have never killed themselves and they would have been able to live together but that was not the case and it led to the suicide of both lovers. The final appearance of fate occurs after the lovers death and it is the end of the feud between the two families. It was fate for the lovers to die and resolve this feud. Fate, Chance, and Coincidence play an extremely pivotal part of the development of the play as well as the ending and without them the play would have turned out anything like it had and it would have never gotten  out of Act 1. The feud between the Capulets and the Montagues, Romeo’s invitation to the ball, and the death of the two â€Å"star-crossed† lovers which led to the end of the feud between the two families are all examples of how fate was able to sway the development of the story so it would lead to the death of Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"For never was a story of more woe /Than this of Juliet and her Romeo†.

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce

The story Portrait of the Artist as Young Man is set in the Ireland at the beginning of the 20th century. Readers are introduced to the character of Stephen Dedalus, a young Irish boy from a Catholic family. The family is impoverished because of his father is incompetent. The family constantly moves from one place to another because of their poverty.Mary Dedalus, Stephen’s mother is a pious Catholic. The Dedalus children were taught by Mrs. Riordan (or Dante) their governess, also a devout Catholic. Their Uncle Charles stays with them. The opening paragraphs start out with a stream of consciousness by Stephen as a young boy.The next time Stephen appears is during his stay at a boarding school in Clangowes. He suffers from homesickness, and bullying because of his measly frame and basically just unable to fit in the society of the boarding school. He is pushed by a bully into a cesspool that caused him to be sick but does not tell his teachers about it.During Christmas, he join s the adult table for the first time. The dinner turns ugly when a heated debate about politics among the adults started. Back at the boarding school, Stephen is hit by Father Dolan, the prefect of the boarding school. He tells this incident to Father Conmee, the rector of the boarding of the boarding school. His classmates admired this act.His family’s continued financial woes took its toll on Stephen. He was unable to return to the boarding school in Clangowes. Stephen, along with the rest of the family moves to Blackrock. Stephen enjoyed walks with his Uncle Charles in their new place. He plays imaginary adventures with Aubrey Mills, their neighbor in Blackrock.Yet again, just a few years after their move to Blackrock, they move again, this time to Dublin. This is where he meets Emma Clere, the girl that would greatly enthral Stephen throughout the story. Somehow his father managed to enrol Stephen into Belvedere College.It was only in Belvedere where Stephen comes out of his shell, he became a leader and is active in theatre and literature. Stephen still feels alone even if he excels in those fields.As an adolescent young man, he got exposed to sex and is greatly fascinated by it, until finally he loses his virginity to prostitute.Stephen becomes addicted to sex. Although he knows that what he is doing is wrong he can’t control himself or rather he does not want to. After some time, he hears a sermon from Father Arnall, his former Latin teacher back in Clongowes. The priests talks about how terrible hell is. Stephen is horrified. He suddenly changes from a sex addict person to a religious person.

Things we Carry essay

My thing carried is a cellophane. It's convenient, awesome, and Just great to have around. It represents everyone's social status. Keeping up with friends is also ten times easier. I carry it with me always to keep in contact with everyone I know. My phone also serves as a multi-purpose fun machine. I get to play silly games when I'm bored, watch movies I put on my phone. Fight Club, mostly. Every night I make sure to charge my phone. A day without my phone Is worse than It should be, but most people depend on their phone. So It doesn't bother me. A person's phone In a small way defines a person.I have seen a ton of different phones In my day. If you see someone with a 2005 cherry red flip phone, you're never going to assume they could be a CEO of a major company. He would have a Blackberry, and every girl in high school that wears jug boots Instantly has an Phone from the last 2 generations, minimum. It represents your class and how social you are. A perfect fit for high school. Kid s definitely judge you on your phone to a certain extent, if it's â€Å"cool† or â€Å"in†. No one will actually say something or bully someone based on a phone but the intense judging is still very present.I feel like it would really fun if no one had cell phones. People would actually have to talk to other people to accomplish things. Everyone would feel more social, alive, and joyful. Of course, this dream will never happen so as long as cellophanes are still in every single persons pocket. I will continue to keep my cell phone on me at all times if for no other reason than to keep in touch with everyone, because everyone else loves phones. Phones are definitely not all bad, they are really amazing to have on you. It Just doesn't seem worth it to miss out on the social parts of high school.This opinion doesn't seem to e too common among most high-choler's. Its only because they don't understand how fun it would be to actually go on adventures with friends and be foc used on what you're doing at all times. No side testing or checking Faceable. Friendships would be created faster. People would actually get to know each other. It's a tiny bit sad actually, so many people use so many phones every day, that not having a phone Is pretty much socially unacceptable, and to not have a phone In high school Is to be cut off from all news and gossip. People almost always Just get the phone their friends have. It's a class thing.We do this, we sit here, we dress this way, and we use this phone. Phones will never stop though, next Its Google Glass, then Its self-driving cars, before anyone knows It everyone Is the chairs from WALLET on a giant spaceship. Don't worry too badly though, that's a long way away. Also, It doesn't even seem Like that bad of a way to go. My thing carried is a cellophane, it's great to have. Comes with a few small drawbacks but as long as everyone else carries a cell phone every day, I don't really mind also using my cellophane to be able to contact anyone at any time. Cellophanes you when bored. Cellophanes are amazing, Just not perfect.

Strategic Management politics and law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management politics and law - Essay Example Meanwhile the forecasted growth rate for the car industry in the United States for the third quarter 2005 is 3.6 percent and this has decreased to 2.6 percent for the last quarter of 2005. For the first quarter 2006, the first quarter forecasted grown rate has increased to 3.3 percent and finally for the second quarter of 2006, the growth rate has further increased to 3.7 percent. the European region has contributed the second highest growth rate of fifty percent as compared to the third top growth rate producer of forty two percent growth rate established by the rest of Europe for the year 2005. For the year 2006, the growth rate of the European region has increased to fifty sixty percent as compared to the rest of Europe region contribution of only forty two percent. The number one contributor to growth rate is the United States with a one hundred twenty seven percent increase in growth rate for the year 2005. This growth rate has been maintained at twenty seven percent for the year 2006. This only shows that in order to increase sales, a car manufacturing company must offer their brands to the United States market. Based on Table 4, Vehicle sales for the year 2004, 17.9 million cars for the year 2004 in the United States Market whereas for the year 2009, which is five years later, the number of cars sold in the United States is 16.1 million cars as compared to the Western Europe region of only 16.9 million cars. This will show that United States market has increased by four percent while the Western European market has increased by a higher five percent. The major market for American and European cars is China and India. The population of China is now bigger the population of the United States and the Chinese government has opened up its gates to imported cars in its drive to be an industrialized nation under its agreement to implement the policies of the World Trade Organization in terms of exports and imports of goods such as cars. The Chinese government has also allowed the infusion of much needed investments in the tune of $60 billion per year. The entry, though, of foreign cars into China will taper off the five major local Chinese car manufacturers. The sales of Chinese made cars, based on table 4, is estimated at 4.9 million cars for the year 2004 and this is greatly increase by sixty one percent to 7.9 million cars after five years or 7.9 cars in the year 2009. This is because the Chinese government has implemented the construction of roads which covers many locations within China.Employment. Based on table 4, the Vehicle sales there is an increase in United States car sales of four percent for the year 2009 as compared to the year 2004. There is also an increase of car sales for the Western Europe region for the year 2009 of five percent as compared to the year 2005. There is also, as discussed above, an increase in car sales in China of sixty one percent in the year.Furthermore, Table 5 Vehicle productions in 2004 versus 2009 shows that the United States has produced 12 million cars in the year 2004 which will increase to 12.3 million cars in the year 2009. This resulted to an increase of three percent in terms of units manufactured. This then will be

Theory of demand Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theory of demand - Term Paper Example As the price of goods and services rise, the quantity demand by consumers goes down. Siddiqui (35) further describes demand as that effective desire which can be satisfied meaning that desires are simply imaginations. It is required that the demand commodity should be available at a certain place, time, and price. Demand must satisfy the following requirements; desire for the specific commodity; sufficient resources to purchase the desired commodity; willingness to spend the resources; and the availability of the commodity. In addition, demand can also be used to measure or predict the quantity of commodities and services which the buyers would be motivated to buy in a market at a given time and at a given place. The changes in the price of the commodities that are related to that which a consumer uses affects the market demand for it and an example of this would be the price of margarine (which the consumer does not normally use) is much lower than the price of butter. Inevitably, the consumer will decide to go for the cheaper product although their preference lies with the more expensive one. The demand for certain commodities may also be affected by the changes of the income of potential buyers, for example, if the income of a buyer is reduced, then he will opt to purchase cheaper commodities in line with his diminished income; but if the income is increased, then the buyer’s demand for the same product at higher prices will increase significantly. The future expectations of buyers almost alw ays have a tendency of influencing the market demand of a product and this is usually displayed by considering the income security of potential buyers. If a potential buyer is confident in his belief that his future income will be stable, the he is more likely to spend more in buying both the commodities that he needs and wants. If however his future income is very insecure,

Industry briefing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Industry briefing paper - Essay Example This section of the essay will look at the factors that affect the soft drink industry and how Fresh Fruit Soda, the product under review, can be presented onto the market as a low sugar and natural fruit alternative to other soft drinks on the market. The soft drink industry has been viewed as one with major health issues and matters. This is because most of the drinks are said to contain sugar that is bad for the health and bad for the teeth of people who consume them. There is an acidic nature of soft drinks and this leads to the erosion of the enamels of the teeth (Hooper et al, 2007). Thus, consumption of soft drinks without brushing of ones teeth afterwards has major health implications and it leads to the discolouration of the teeth and supports other health problems and issues (Hooper et al, 2007). Therefore soft drinks have major dental consequences and there is the need for some kind of controls to ensure that consumers are protected from negativities and other tooth decay problems that comes with such products. Aspartame is used as a substitute to sugar in most â€Å"natural† soft drinks. However, this has proven to be problematic because although aspartame is seen as a healthier substitute for sugar, research has proven otherwise. Laming identifies that aspartame is viewed as a positive substitution for sugar, but they also have their health implications (2006). Due to that, soft drinks with aspartame must disclose the implications of using those products in drink and not tell consumers that they are much better and harmless. In fact such products have their own issues hence consumers must be given the appropriate education rather than the states use of strict rules and regulations. Therefore it can be said that the soft drink industry, although it is a lucrative venture, is hampered by major health and safety concerns about consumers. Aside that, these products are popular amongst consumers and

Toyotas Advertising and Sales Promotion Campaigns Essay

Toyotas Advertising and Sales Promotion Campaigns - Essay Example This mix of strengths are, a very good understanding of market conditions in the different markets around the world, a very focused segmentation, targeting, and positioning to address these market conditions, speed and flexibility in manufacturing to meet the needs of these of these markets, commitment to lean manufacturing techniques and quality, to remain competitive, and provide value for money to their customers, and forward looking marketing strategy that attempts to incorporate new and emerging technologies into their products, to blaze trails in the new directions that automobiles are expected to take. Â  The weakness of Toyota lies mainly in its dependence on the automobile segment. Toyota has a diversified range of business activities that include automobiles, material handling equipment, textile machinery and electric components. Yet, there is over-dependence on the automobile sector as can be seen from the revenue generation. The automobile segment contributes 52% of the total revenue of Toyota. Looking at the changes that have taken place from 2000 to 2004 in terms of sales per employee, there has been a reduction causing a decrease in revenue per employee. This has had a negative impact on the productivity and efficiency levels in Toyota. (Toyota Industries Inc. Company Profile). Â  The oil prices have skyrocketed in the recent past and show no sign of decline with increased energy consumption from the emerging economies of populous countries like China and India. The worldwide focus has changed to looking for alternative sources of energy, including use in automobiles.

Public international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Public international law - Essay Example The result is often referred to as crystallization.3 In general, national courts are not expected to apply national legislation in a way that is inconsistent with international treaties, but there is no expectation that the inconsistent legislation is deemed null and void.4 This may sound simple enough. However, since law is not a science, national courts are not always consistent in their respective approaches to customary international law.5 Essentially, the problem begins with national constitutions. National courts must first begin by reference to their own constitutions.6 National constitutions determine the status of international law within the national legal order.7 In this paper, the difficulties implicit in national constitutions in shaping and defining the relationship between national law and international law are examined in the context of the UK’s constitution. The extent to which the reciprocal application of international and national laws by national courts an d international tribunals function effectively, is compromised by the interpretation of and application of international treaties at the domestic level. ... Complicating matters, some constitutions may even fail to incorporate international treaties.8 The UK provides an even more interesting enigma in that it does not have a written constitution. The UK’s constitution is comprised of a convention, common law and various statutory instruments.9 The difficulty for the UK, is manifested by the fact that state constitutions will generally direct how and where an international treaty stands in relation to national statutes. For instance, if the treaty is to prevail over national statutes where there is a conflict between the two, the Constitution will make this declaration. The UK’s constitutional conventions however, do not make any such declaration but merely establishes that Parliament remains supreme and has the ability to make and repeal any law.10 The UK’s unwritten constitution is usually characterized as dualist in nature, although there is evidence that the UK’s constitution is also monist in nature.11 By way of background, the relationship between international law and national law is fraught by two primary concerns. The first is theoretical in nature and commands attention to whether or not pursuant to the monist doctrine, both legal regimes form part of the international legal regime, or whether they are two different legal regimes according to the dualist doctrine. The second concern is practical in nature and involves ascertaining the approach for resolving conflicts in international and national law.12 The theoretical and practical implications for the relationship between national and international law from the perspective of the UK’s constitution are compromised in that the UK’s national courts do not have a constitutional document by which to determine the

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example Various studies were conducted about the novel and they discuss the symbols, imageries, issues and parallelisms prevailing in The Scarlet Letter. The critical analysis of the novel would start with a brief biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne and also the significant issues faced by the United States of America in its early years would be analyzed in connection to the story. The main focus is on the issue of remorse faced by the main characters of the novel. Nathaniel Hawthorne came from a famous family living in Salem, Massachusetts. His relatives took care of him when his father died in a voyage. He studied at Bowdoin College together with some famous personalities in literature and politics like Horatio Bridge who became a writer, Jonathan Ciley who became a senator, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow who became a poet, and Franklin Pierce who became a president of the United States. The personalities mentioned helped Hawthorne to get a public sector job. Afterwards he started as a writer when his works imitate the style of Sir Walter Scott and was considered to be his early writing training. The Transcendentalist Movement of Ralph Waldo Emerson influenced Hawthorne by investing in the Utopian community. The Trancendentalist belief rejects formalism as they promote individualism because humans according to them are more than just sensory realm. Individualism and symbolism became prominent in Hawthorne’s later works especially in The S carlet Letter wherein the Transcendentalist ideals clashed against the ideals of the Puritans. The Custom House was written by Hawthorne as a prologue to The Scarlet Letter and also as an autobiographical essay. His published work became possible through the help of his friends. The Scarlet Letter became famous across time since morality, spirituality and identity of the Americans were affected by the Puritans. During the time of Hawthorne, adultery was considered as a taboo because of prevailing rigidity and formality of culture. The novel became popular to people from all ages across time (University of Wisconsin Milwaukee). The Scarlet Letter made its author a famous writer. After seeing the relevance of the novel to the life and time of Hawthorne, going deeper into the summary would link the history to the story. Spirituality, morality and Puritan influence on the early America were reflected in The Scarlet Letter. The novel went against the norms and showed how the dreaded beha vior and beliefs would be turned from weakness into strength. The story started from a prologue that could be considered as a standalone essay. The essay revealed how the novel was written as the narrator mirrored Hawthorne himself. The narrator worked as a surveyor in the customhouse and he found certain documents bundled and contained a piece of cloth shaped into an A. Since the narrator was careless and lost some important documents, he made a story out of the two-hundred-year-old manuscript made by a past surveyor. His creative thinking produced The Scarlet Letter  and the story opened in a Puritan settlement at Boston during the early years of USA. The scarlet letter â€Å"A† labeled on the chest of the protagonist named Hester Prynne symbolized her crime as viewed by the townspeople. She walked out of a prison cell together with her baby named Pearl. She arrived at Boston when her old and scholarly husband sent her there. Her husband was lost in the voyage and was ass umed to be dead. Because of loneliness, Hester engaged in an affair that led to the birth of Pearl. Afterwards the town elders put Hester Prynne to a public confession to reveal the father of Pearl. She did not reveal the name of

Anthrax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anthrax - Essay Example They are of three types: Symptoms: The causal agent does not cause the infection immediately but requires incubation period from 7 to 60 days. The initial symptoms are similar to flu with a very high temperature > 100 F followed by coolness or sweat. It may give chest distress, difficulty in breathing, muscular fatigue. The symptoms also include non-productive cough, aching throat, headache and nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal distress, vomiting or diarrhea (Mikesell,). 1. Cutaneous anthrax (skin): The causal organism gains entry in the body through a cut or an abrasion especially when a person encounters either contaminated animal products or diseased animal. The organism establishes the infection with a raised bump similar to an insect or mosquito bite, followed by itching. After 1-2 days it develops into a vesicle which takes the form of a painless ulcer. This ulcer after 7-10 days becomes black necrotic in the centre called as eschar. The body responds to this by swelling in the adjacent lymph glands. Fever, headache and distress occur. It could be fatal if antimicrobial treatment is not given. 2. Inhalation anthrax: The incubation period varies from 2 to 60 days. The symptoms are similar to common cold or sore throat with a mild fever and muscular pain and malaise. It is not contagious but if untreated the condition results in severe breathing discomfort, shock, symptoms like pneumonia or may give rise to meningitis. It may become fatal in 24 to 36 hrs. 3. Gastrointestinal anthrax: It is more severe form of anthrax than cutaneous form, caused by the consumption of contaminated animal product. This is featured by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. The condition onset with nausea, vomiting with blood, followed by loss of appetite, fever and severe abdominal pain and severe diarrhea with blood. It may be fatal in 25-60% of the cases as ascites fills the abdomen, followed by shock an death within the span of 2-5 days. 4. Oropharyngeal anthrax: It is not a popular form of anthrax. This encompasses fever, swelling in the lymph nodes especially in the cervical region and severe throat pain and discomfort in swallowing. Sometimes ulcer may appear at the basal region of tongue. If condition is not cured then breathing distress occurs (http://www.bt.cdc.gov). Treatment and Prevention: The disease is not contagious but the fomites of the patients may be contaminated with the spores of the causal organism. Decontamination of people and belongings is crucial with an antimicrobial agent or with bleach especially formaldehyde as chlorine is ineffective to kill vegetative cells and also the spores. Articles can be decontaminated by boiling them in water for at least 30 mins. Timely care and antibiotic therapy can enhance the chances of survival of the victims. Therapy can be started with the oral course of antibiotics followed by intravenous doses (IV). Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin (cipro), doxycycline, erythromycin, vancomycin or penicillin. Early antibiotic prophylaxis can prevent the disease taking the fatal form. Quarantine

Essay for kirklands class Essay Example for Free

Essay for kirklands class Essay I believe that the state should not by itself have the power to declare war on another nation or country without the consent of the national government. the reason behind why I think this is because I believe that the government itself has enough power to keep the branches and there paper works in order and to do what is needed and expected of them to do nothing easel over that or under. I also believe that we south Carolinians if we do not like what north Korea is doing we should just stay out of it unless north Korea brings us into it and the reason I think this is because, us south Carolinians declaring war on north Korea just because we don’t like what they are doing is pretty stupid to me. I believe we are smart enough to figure it out without declaring war on a country or a nation. If south Carolina is having problems maintaining their drinking water supplies, and if the government has attempted numerous times to correct the problem, but has repeatedly failed, I believe that the government should problem get help form a nether government or help from whoever can fix this problem because we need water and without water we will die. I believe that the national government should beagle to take action because it is a life or death situation so yes I think that the government of South Carolina also known as the local government should be able to get help from the national government and take the measures needed to fix this problem. I believe that the local government should try to figure it out before getting help from the national government, and if the national government can’t fix it then I think that the national government should beagle to ask another government for help to fix this life or death situation. But if they need to shut down the factory then they should do it because if the south Carolinians don’t have any water they could die and they need water because water was made to keep us alive just like food was made to keep us alive without water you can’t take a shower either and so everyone would stink. If the local chemical factory is causing this problem then they need to shut the chemical  factory down and move it to a different area so it can’t cause anymore problems to our water systems and we would need to move it to a place where it can’t contaminate anything that could herm us or bother us like were its not close to a farm food supplies or water supplies.

Security Enhanced Linux (Selinux) Essay Example for Free

Security Enhanced Linux (Selinux) Essay Security Enhanced Linux (Selinux), Chroot Jail, and Iptables Three of the most important types of Linux security technologies are Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux), chroot jail, and iptables. This security measures aide in the subversion of theft and malicious activity. We will discuss these items in depth to address who created them and for what reason. Along with how these technologies changed the operating system to enforce security, and the types of threats that these security systems are design to eliminate. Security Enhanced Linux was released in December of 2000 from the National Security Agency (NSA), under the GNU general public license. SELinux is not a Linux distribution; it is a set of kernel modifications and tools that can be added to a variety of Linux distributions. SELinux is currently a part of Fedora Core, and it is supported by Red Hat. Incarnations of SELinux packages are also available for Debian, SuSe, and Gentoo. Security-enhanced Linux is a set of patches to the Linux kernel and some utilities to incorporate a strong, flexible Mandatory Access Control (MAC). The Chroot system call was introduced during the development of Version 7 Unix in 1979, and added by Bill Joy on 18 March 1982, a year and a half before 4.2BSD was released in order to test its installation and build system. A chroot on a UNIX based operating systems, like Linux, is an operation that changes the apparent root directory for the current running process and its children. A program that is run in such a modified environment cannot name or access files outside the designated directory tree. On a web server, it is very useful for the security of shared hosting accounts. Without a chroot jail a user with limited file permissions can navigate to the top level directories. Although that user does not have permission to make changes, they can invade the files and access information. An important use of chroot is it’s utilization within virtual environments. In a Virtual Private Server, the user has a complete operating system within a chroot directory. This user has root privileges for his or her own account, but can’t access higher directories or be aware of their existence. Virtualization is great for test environment that can be set up in the chroot for software that might be too risky to deploy on a production system. Virtual environments are often used for compatibility issues. Legacy software or software using a different interface must sometimes be run in a chroot because their supporting libraries or files may otherwise clash with those of the host system. Also chroot is often used for recovery purposes. A chroot can be used to move back into a damaged environment after bootstrapping from an alternate root file system. Elevated Privileges in iptables are required for operation, and root user must be used or iptables will not function. With most Linux systems, iptables is installed as /usr/sbin/iptables and documented in its man page, which can be opened using man iptables. There is a set of user interface tools that can be used to manage your system’s security profile in a more user friendly manner. The user interface firewall management tools include Bastille, and GUI tools with like KDE’s Guard dog. There are Linux distributions whose main purpose is to provide a GUI front end to iptables with a variety of configurations. Iptables allows the system administrator to define tables containing chains of rules for the treatment of packets. Each table is associated with a different style of packet processing. Packets are processed by sequentially traversing the rules in chains. A rule in a chain can cause a goto or jump to another chain, and this can be repeated to whatever level of nesting is desired and every network packet arriving at or leaving from the computer traverses at least one chain. Where I found the information at http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Security-Enhanced-Linux-Selinux-Chroot-Jail/105441 Linux Security Technologies Selinux Chroot Jail Iptables Term Paper

Nursing Research Methods: Article Critique Essay

Nursing Research Methods: Article Critique Essay Title: Factors related to academic success among nursing students: A descriptive correlational research study Samina Iqbal Kanji The article under critique is a quantitative research study titled as â€Å"Factors related to academic success among nursing students: A descriptive correlational research study†; published in the year 2013. I will be critiquing this article according to the provided guideline. Title of the study under concern is unambiguous, thus capturing the population and phenomenon of interest. Additionally, the abstract is structured and is providing information under separate headings. The problem: The described problem is of great importance to nursing, because increased nursing shortage is posing a threat to the health industry in terms of competency and quality of care by the nursing staff. The researcher has critically analyzed the significance in terms of the relation between the academic success and its effects on the replacement of existing nursing staff The purpose of the research has been explained and the study will fulfill its purpose by providing an insight to the nursing education system to bring changes in curricula for improved results. As prior knowledge about the variables has already been discussed with other students therefore to precede the level of inquiry a quantitative approach is used as the purpose is to know about the correlations. There was no operational definition mentioned explicitly about the research variables; however their correlation with academic success has been given in other contexts. There was no explicit problem statement present in the introduction; however, linkages were made following the broad to narrow approach. Thus, provide an insight in to the nursing practice. The researcher has acknowledged the limitations of the study in terms of sample bias, low generalizability and different results at times due to the spiritual component. There were no explicit assumptions described; however one can infer from the introduction that giving an answer to the factors affecting academic success can in long run help in combat the effects of nursing shortage. Review of the literature: The review provided in the study was comprehensive, logical and critically analyzed, hence gave sequential information ranging from the admission of the nursing students, factors important for their academic success, associations between different factors and academic success and finally the itch of the study i-e correlation of factors with academic success of nursing students. The relationship of the literature review to the research purpose is unambiguously evident by using a funnel approach. In addition, most of the references were taken from the year 1982-2012. Those with old references were explicitly supported by their presence in the latest literature. The review consists of almost all of the theoretical work, though if empirical support could have made this review stronger. Besides, almost all of the researches were from primary sources and were paraphrased adequately. The information provided in the review clearly gives a way for conducting a new research; moreover, research er has also acknowledged this gap at the end of the literature review i-e there is a gap of researches done for the improvement of academic success of nursing students. Protection of human rights: The proposed study has been designed to lessen the effects of issues occurring as a result of nursing shortage i-e decreased quality of care, decreased number of competent nurses, and increased rates of nursing student’s turnover. Besides, the results of this study will not only affect the whole health care system, but it will affect the professional growth and academic success of individual nursing student. The evidence of voluntary informed consent has been mentioned explicitly that was sent to participants via electronic medium. There was no evidence present explicitly for coercion. As the sampling was done conveniently, therefore, participants were not invited during periods of high stress; rather they were asked to fill the research questioners in their own time. There was no way to identify about the identities of study participants as their data was incorporated anonymously on survey monkey software and also provided with numerical codes.. There is an explicit evidence of study review by Institutional Review Board (IRB). Theoretical/conceptual Framework: The researcher has not acknowledged the use of any theoretical / conceptual framework. According to Burns and Grove (2010), descriptive studies do not require any theoretical framework as the purpose is still to explore and describe phenomenon. The researcher may have conceptualized by looking the effects of different variable on the academic success. According to Burns and Grove (2010), at times elementary concepts about the variables make the conceptual frameworks and are present at the start of the study but are not acknowledge by the researcher and are referred as implicit frameworks. The research problem flows from the background knowledge. Concepts such as nursing shortage, student attrition, and academic success are briefly described. Hypothesis: The researcher has not stated hypothesis explicitly. However, there absence is justified in Polit and Beck (2012) that the purpose of descriptive correlational design is to describe the nature and relation between different variables and hypothesis generation; rather than concluding about casualty. However, on the other hand, Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan (2007) suggest that correlational designs approaches the relationship either via hypothesis testing of answering research question. But, researcher has not explicitly mentioned about his study research question also which could be a negative critique. Academic success in this study serves as the dependent variable, however emotional intelligence; psychological empowerment; resilience; and spiritual wellbeing plays the part of independent variables respectively. As it as a non-experimental design, therefore predictions can’t be made about the intervention or control group. Sampling: The researcher wants to generalize the study findings to all the nursing students, and has described it well. The target population is appropriate according to the research problem and resource limitation, as it would have been very difficult to cater all nursing students keeping in mind the cost constraints, human, and material resources. The researcher has clearly defined the selection process that is convenient sampling and snowballing via professors of the universities. The sampling method used fits very well with the level of inquiry and research design. This point was supported by Polit and Beck (2012) that in descriptive correlational studies; the purpose is to explore the initial relationships between variables without knowing about the conclusions therefore, self-selection or convenient sampling methods are use. Moreover, as the researcher is unaware about the existence of relationship in nursing students therefore choosing this sampling strategy would be cost effective. The re are no potential sampling biases explicitly described in the study. However, according to Rebecca (2010) one of the limitation of convenient sampling is selection bias itself, therefore potential biases could have been existed. The researcher has used power analysis to calculate sample size. However, according to Rebecca (2010), the acceptable standard for calculating power analysis is alpha 0.05, moderate effect size, and power of 0.80. The researcher has used very small power therefore; sample is not sufficiently large to generalize it to the whole population. The generalizations can be made cautiously to the nursing students. There were no control groups present, however, exclusion criteria is used to ensure a representative sample. There is no evidence of minimizing sampling error; yet if large sample size was used then it could have been minimized. Research Design: The design used for this study is a non-experimental design named as â€Å"descriptive correlational study†. This design comes under the category of level II studies and according to Rebecca (2010), correlational studies are used when the researcher wants to answer about the relationship between the variables whose nature has been described either by prior researches or literature synthesis. After going through the article and other literatures, researcher has selected an appropriate study design. One could say that researchers have already been done on students in addressing the relationship of this variable as the researcher acknowledged its absence in nursing students therefore it was a wise decision because stressors could be different for students with different programs. There is no discussion about the effects of extraneous variables and their control, however he has discussed the application of regression to analyses unique predictors however he was not successful with the regression models. The information provided in this study can permit the study replication in other nursing universities. Moreover, as this was a religious university, therefore replicating the research in non-religious universities could give better understanding about the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and academic success. Data Collection: The data collection instruments used by the researcher were Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), Spreitzer Psychological Empowerment Scale, Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and the background information of the participants. There were selection reason described, they are explained sufficiently. The research instrument by their characteristics showed congruency with the research question.. The researcher has described the use of different types of validity (face, content, discriminant, incremental, convergent) for each of the instruments where possible. Moreover, to ensure the reliability, the researcher has run reliability coefficients. According to Polit and Beck (2012), ensuring the validity and reliability of an instrument is important for the quality and results accuracy of the study results. The results of these tests of validity and reliability are enough for their usage as they are analyzed for both showing stronger correlations separately. Since the reliabilities of the instruments were stronger ranging from 0.85 to 0.91 respectively and they were valid; therefore they were suitable to for use with the study sample keeping in mind the four factors to be analyzed via them. Quantitative Analysis: The researcher has used descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and percentages) and Pearson’s correlation using the PASW statistics 18 to analyze the data. According to Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan (2007), descriptive studies results are analyzed via descriptive statistics. Moreover, according to Polit and Beck (2012), correlation between two variables is described through correlation procedures mainly through correlation coefficient. Therefore, the analysis methods fit with both the level of inquiry a research design. The level of measurement in this study for all variables is quantitative ratio in nature. According to Polit and Beck (2012), Pearson’s correlation coefficient are used when the variable under study either belong to interval or ratio level of measurement. The link between the data analysis and findings has been made clear unambiguously by the researcher. Moreover, the researcher has used Pearson correlation(r) and p value to show the degree of r elationship and statistical analysis for each variable, and described them very clearly altogether to show the relationship logically. At times researcher has gone beyond the data to interpret the result, for example in measuring emotional intelligence; the researcher has analyzed the differences between graduate and undergraduate students by the type of stressors. The statistical result is very well presented in the text but numerical presentation could have been better in the form of showing all results and statistics altogether. The provided results by correlation coefficient and p value are giving enough evidence about the correctness of the results. There were no graphical displays shown by the researcher, however according to Polit and Beck (2012), correlation relationships can be shown through scatter plots. Conclusions and recommendations: The results of the data analysis were unambiguously explained in terms of the research purpose for undergraduate and graduate students separately. Through this the reader can make decisions about the correlation between different factors affecting academic success easily. The generalization of these findings can be questionable due to small sample size and convenient nature of the design, thus posing a threat to external validity. The results of the findings can indirectly affect our patients as such factors could lead to student’s retention thereby welcoming more qualified nurses to provide competent care to the patients. There are no risk identified by the study findings; however, such results could provide an insight to the nursing educators in renewing the curriculum to bring positive long-term results. In the discussion section; the researcher has given recommendation in the light of literature and study findings for improving teaching strategies. Moreover, future researc hes for academic planning has also been proposed, however no such discussion has been made about nursing practice. Though the study needs cautious generalizations in terms of small sample size, still can give insight for replication, experimental studies for future policy making References: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Burns, N., Grove, S. K. (2010). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: quantitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16(11), 658-663 Keele, R. (2010). Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Polit, D.F. Beck, C.T. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins