Religion vs. Science Essays - 730 Words

Religion vs. Science The human mind is easily convinced on what the eyes tell the mind. If you see something in front of yourself, you might have an easier time believing, than if one was to tell a story. Religion is a story that has been told for thousands of years, and not till technology has ripened have scientists disproved many beliefs. It is now that mankind lets religion restrain the mind from portraying the truth about life. Some people claim that science does not have all of the answers when it comes to the business of life. They are right. Science is less a body of facts than it is is a method of establishing claims about the universe. Claims, which can be tested and measured, reviewed and evaluated.†¦show more content†¦population(n.y.times4/12/88), believes that these supernatural people exist, running errands for God, or helping people in time of need. This whole belief system is a throwback to earlier times in human history, when the world was enchanted, populated with mystic al and religious entities of all sorts (Greek Gods for example). Its existence today is a shadow land of beliefs, which co-exist with our more enlightened views about the universe. For most people, their view of the world rests with one foot in consciousness and the other ignorance. One of the more curious artifacts of supernatural belief is so-called Scientific Creationism. A quest to balance the minds interpretations of the Judeo-Christian Bible with the findings of modern science. Decades after the famous Monkey trial which debated the pros and cons of evolutionary discovery, we are still repeating this argument in the nations public schools. The evolution on-creation debate which now rages in the United States, and elsewhere is tied to other issues. This includes prayer in schools, and indeed the role of religious instruction in the classroom and other civic institutions. It is also a highly charged, emotional debate. Creationists see evolution as part of a larger agenda aim ed at religious belief itself. In a peculiar way, they may well be correct. But as with any debate, we should weigh the evidence and examine these raw facts asShow MoreRelatedReligion vs. Science859 Words   |  4 PagesBrianna Pace Mr. Jetter English 12P 18 October 2010 Religion Vs Science In many aspects of life, science and religion are shown to disagree with each other; Science focuses on logic and reason while religion relies solely on faith and the belief of a higher power. Both have advantages as well as disadvantages. Some advantages and disadvantages of religion are that you obtain eternal life, spiritual support and guidance, and be a better person through morals and values. With these advantagesRead MoreReligion vs. Science1066 Words   |  5 PagesOn The Origin Of Religion Over centuries, the epic battle between modern science and ancient religion rose to the level of wars, resulting in millions of deaths all over nations. Since the days of Galileo, religion has tried to kill any kind of scientific thinking, logic reasoning, or theories. Science is no innocent victim as it has always tried to wipe out any religious meanings and the existence of God, throughout contaminated evolution theories and philosophical thinking. However, scientistsRead MoreEssay on Science vs. Religion1302 Words   |  6 PagesReligion versus science, the debates and conflicts have been on for centuries. For both religious and scientific ideals, the faith people have drives them. In this paper, I will examine the story of â€Å"The Eye of Apollo† by G.K. Chesterton, and the episode â€Å"House vs. God† of House, M.D., in order to question this conflict. The main character—Father Brown—in â€Å"The Eye of Apollo† combines his reasoning with hi s religious ideals and beliefs, or we can say his faith in God leads him to the truth of theRead MoreReligion vs. Science Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesReligion vs. Science This paper will examine the scientific view verse religion. I feel their support for the big picture is shallow and untenable. I believe in science but I also have faith. Scientific research has lead to dramatic and more humane treatments of persons suffering from mental disease, depression, and physical injury. The reputation of scientists has reached an all-time high. Majority of Americans have said they trust the scientific community more than almost anyoneRead MoreThe Nature Of Science Vs. Religion1167 Words   |  5 Pageshowever through science as he uses vivisection, the live dissection of animals, to convert animals into people we call beast people. Through this creation process he brainwashes these beast people to have them believe he is as said in Revelation, â€Å"I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End† (Revelation 22:13). Wells, a known atheist, pushes the limits of science vs religion; Wells argues that man s hubris in thinking that science can replace religion will lead toRead MoreConflicting Ideologies : Religion Vs. Science1713 Words   |  7 PagesMeyer 1 Eric Meyer Mr. Hensley AP 11 English Per. 3 3 February 2015 Conflicting Ideologies: Religion vs. Science in the Search for the Truth The vast majority of the world’s population is religious, with 84% affirming their belief in at least one god. Globally, 32% identify as Christian, 23% as Muslim, and 15% as Hindu (Langer), and 83% of all people in the United States associate with one denomination of Christianity or another (Harper). Nearly all people of faith claim that their religious ideologiesRead MoreEssay on Inherit the Wind: Religion vs. Science1107 Words   |  5 Pages Inherit the Wind: Religion vs. Science nbsp; Stanley Kramers film, Inherit the Wind, examines a trial based on the 1925 Scopes trial in Dayton, Tennessee. Often referred to as The Trial of the Century (Scopes Trial Web Page), the Scopes trial illuminated the controversy between the Christian theory of creation and the more scientific theory of evolution. John Scopes, a high school biology teacher, was arrested for illegally teaching evolutionism to his class. The meaning of theRead More Cosmology: Science Vs Religion Essay822 Words   |  4 Pagesuniverse† is impersonal, governed by natural laws and understandable in physical and mathematical terms. Many people trust the information science offers rather than religion because science seems to be more reliable. Science has replaced religion as the dominant intellectual authority because science offers the chance to understand the universe, whereas religion just assumes things. Many believe, as was said by Richard Dawkins, â€Å"the truth means scientific truth†. Along with the logical PositivistsRead MoreScience Vs. Religion : Harmony Within Discord1539 Words   |  7 PagesScience vs. Religion: Harmony within Discord Sebian Martinez-Escobar UC Mercedâ€Æ' For as long as mankind has had the curiosity to gaze at the stars, we have been constantly questioning our origin and place in the universe. From simple, yet elegant solutions (like our world being on the back of a large tortoise) to the more complex pantheons of gods and heavens, humanity’s dedication to classifying and comprehending our universe has enabled us to weave rich and complex mythologies and beliefs. HoweverRead MoreEssay about Science vs. Religion: How were we created?1516 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The idea of creation is one of the most controversial issues we have today. Your age, background, religion, and beliefs are the main characters that effect what you believe created the world. Science believes several theories on the creation but the most accepted is the Big Bang Theory. Religion has their own views on creation, Christians believe that God created the world, Islamic believe that Allah created man but in steps, and Mayans believe th at the Heart of Sky

Nursing assignment Of Vaccination mechanism - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question Discuss about the Nursing assignment Of Vaccination mechanism. Answer: Vaccination is the mechanism in which there is biological preparation providing active acquired immunity towards a particular disease. According to Yaqub et al., (2014) vaccination is the immunization where it is injected into the body that help in expanding the immunity of an individual against a particular disease. This improves the immunity towards a particular disease and vaccine containng an agent resembling disease-causing microorganisms and formed from killed or weakened forms of the microbe, toxins or surface proteins. Measles is a viral infection of respiratory system being contagious and caused by a virus. Vaccination for measles helps to prevent measles and in this essay, the cause and effect of measles vaccination will be discussed. The first cause for measles vaccination was due to the measles outbreak in 1954 where several patients became ill in Boston, Massachusetts. After that in late 1960s, the epidemiology of measles was well understood and in 1963, John F. Enders and Dr. Thomas C. Peeblesisolated the measles in 13-year-old David Edmonstons blood. After that, they transformed the Edmonston-B strain of measles virus into vaccineand in 1968, improved form of measles vaccine was developed by Maurice Hilleman, being licensed gradually. Before the measles vaccination was developed, this infection was so common that it was considered as an inevitable cause of death. This widespread measles outbreak led to the introduction of the vaccine in the year 1963 being the major cause for its development. The effect of vaccination uptake during the measles outbreak in 1971 and 1977 helped to break down the thousands of measles cases per year during the 1980s. An outbreak of 30,000 cases in the year 1990 led to push for new vaccination development and in the year 1997 and 2013, less than 200 cases were reported and in the year 2014, measles cases came down to 610 and roughly around 30 cases in January 2015. The effect was widespread and it is not considered an epidemic documenting millions of morbidity and mortality (Luyten Beutel, 2016). The vaccine has led to a near-complete elimination of the disease from the targeted countries. The cause for further measles development was not it soared again in between the years 1989 and 1991 with 55,622 diagnosed cases in these three years. The cases were diagnosed among children under the age of five years and disadvantaged populations. During those years, it was found that 90% of the diagnosed cases were those in which vaccinations were not given. Marginalized population were socially disadvantaged as they were unable to afford vaccines and lack of awareness among them regarding measles vaccination due to low socio-economic status. Moreover, vaccination was given to the children during their early childhood that led to the increased outbreak among this particular population. Due to poverty and poor living conditions, there is rapid spread of measles infection that affect marginalized people as they cannot lack awareness and cannot afford vaccines (Eisenstein, 2016). This shows that poverty and measles disease spread are strongly related. It can be stated that there is i ncrease in infectious disease (measles) among the communities where people have poor living conditions. This evidence strongly suggests that there is strong connection between the poverty and measles infection without any doubts. After this second outbreak, the major effect of vaccine development was that it played an important role in counteracting measles. It is made affordable to the disadvantaged population and strong integration into the modern medicine that increased immunity to wards measles. As mentioned above, children below the age of five were not vaccinated and it suggested that although, measles can be prevented to some extent, proper immunization is important according to dose and schedule during early childhood (Aaby et al., 2014). In addition, crowded and unsanitary communities are prone to high infection spread and therefore, vaccination reaching to targeted population can help to curb the disease by healthcare systems (Largeron et al., 2015). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that vaccination was developed because of the major outbreak during the year 1954. This adversely affected people and this led to the invention and development of vaccination during 1960s by Maurice Hilleman and colleagues that became licensed at that time. The reason for the development of this disease was to reduce the alarming rates of morbidity, mortality and mostly to reduce the spread of the disease. Moreover, vaccine was further developed to provide proper immunization at scheduled doses to the children below the age of 5 years with an aim to reduce the number of child deaths. With increased vaccination use, this infection spread has been reduced further declaring near-complete elimination of measles. References Aaby, P., Martins, C. L., Garly, M. L., Andersen, A., Fisker, A. B., Claesson, M. H., ... Benn, C. S. (2014). Measles vaccination in the presence or absence of maternal measles antibody: impact on child survival. Clinical infectious diseases, 59(4), 484-492. Eisenstein, M. (2016). Disease: poverty and pathogens. Nature, 531(7594), S61-S63. Largeron, N., Lvy, P., Wasem, J., Bresse, X. (2015). Role of vaccination in the sustainability of healthcare systems. Journal of market access health policy, 3(1), 27043. Luyten, J., Beutels, P. (2016). The social value of vaccination programs: beyond cost-effectiveness. Health Affairs, 35(2), 212-218. Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., Chataway, J. (2014). Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review. Social Science Medicine, 112, 1-11.

Marine Corp 14 Leadership Traits Essay Example

Marine Corp 14 Leadership Traits Essay I believe the LT judgment is the ability to weigh the starting, midway, and outcome of any decision and decide which would be best for his junior marines, which way would be able to incorporate the strength of his marines, be open for other suggestions too because there are so many angles that a situation can be looked at and you might miss something when someone might see it, and most of all be able to carry out the mission the most successful way possible. Next is justice, I believe that justice is a good thing to have when it’s not corrupt. Justice is being fair to all is someone messes up they must be held accountable for what they did, and hopefully learn from that mistake and not make it again. No matter the rank, billet, or relationship everyone should be treated the same. After that would be dependability. This is pretty clean cut, if you don’t have a dependable leader how are you supposed to trust him and how is he or she supposed to believe that the marines will follow them into combat and give them their 100% best? You can’t, yeah they might follow orders but they will half ass it and that’s how people get hurt and get killed. We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Corp 14 Leadership Traits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Corp 14 Leadership Traits specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Corp 14 Leadership Traits specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Next would be initiative, the drive to do the unsaid orders. Doing what should be done. It’s usually best when it’s done with good judgment. Good initiative and good judgment are the way to success. Next would be decisiveness, a good leader should be able to choose the path that they want for the correct course of action and stick with it. Following that would be tack. Tack is a good way to show that you are mature and know when it’s time for fooling around and when to be serious and how to get your point across with the proper wording and respect. After that would be integrity. Something that I hold dear to myself, I’ve been wronged plenty of times in the past because someone had a lack of integrity this is a big topic for me, if you loss all integrity with me then it’s hard to get it back. I try my best to be honest and keep my integrity no matter the consequence because as we know bad news does not age well with time, it gets worse. Enthusiasm is a great thing as well, no matter how hard things get if you have enthusiasm and a positive attitude you can pretty much over come anything that is thrown at you, and it’s also contagious even if you have to fake it, it will bring up the moral of your arines and they will in turn motivate you so it no longer is a fake motivation it’s a reality. Baring is important in ways. I don’t really have much to say on it because there isn’t much to it and I personally think it’s not something that is dire to have 100% down pat I guess. I mean yes it’s good to be able to have when the time comes but I guess I don’t find it that important. Next would be unselfishness. It’s a great this when you have junior marines, it shows them that you care about them and that you are willing to bend over backwards for them in they are in need. It makes it easy on the junior marines to approach their leader when they should. Courage is a also a great thing to have its like I said in enthusiasm if you show courage to stand up for what is right and what should be done other will follow and you will make a good name for yourself rather than your name be dragged through the dirt for the not so courageous actions. Knowledge is always a good thing to have for any marine not just leaders; knowledge is the strongest weapon and the most reliable. After that is loyalty. Loyalty to the Corp and your marines shows great leadership skills showing that you won’t leave a marine behind. If you are loyal to your marines they will be loyal to you in turn. Finally there is endurance. The drive to never quit, never stop, to keep going and overcome all odds. Everyone can learn and gain from having improved endurance. Those are what a leader is to me and what I believe a good leader has, obviously they can’t have them all and they will have them in their own way which also would work. There are many ways you can approach this and still be a great leader and maybe not have all of them. Every leader is different. But all in all this is what I would like to be when I grow in the ranks I want to be there for my marines, I want them to be able to come to me with their problems and I’ll do my best to help them in their problems and set their mind at ease with so they can focus on the mission at hand which should be the goal of all leaders. This is what I hope to achieve and be able to grow in this way to better myself and the marines below me.

Learn How to Sing Happy Birthday in German

Learn How to Sing Happy Birthday in German A fun tradition in families all over the world, its always nice to hear someone sing you a happy birthday song. In German-speaking  countries, two popular songs that are used: the Happy Birthday song we are familiar with in English and a special, much longer, and very touching song that celebrates the persons life. Both songs are fun to sing and a great way to learn while practicing your German. A Simple Translation of the Happy Birthday Song To start off simply, lets learn how to sing the basic Happy Birthday song in German. Its very easy because you only need to learn two lines (the first line repeats, just like in English) and you will use the same tune as you would sing in English. Zum Geburtstag viel Glck, Happy Birthday to You, Zum Geburtstag liebe (name) Happy Birthday dear (name) While this song is  fun to learn, it should be noted that the English version of the song is heard  most often, even at parties where everyone speaks German. Alles gute zum geburtstag means happy birthday and is a traditional way to wish someone a happy birthday in German. Wie schà ¶n, dass du geboren bist Lyrics Although the English version of Happy Birthday to You remains the most common song heard at German birthday parties, this song is just as popular. It is one of the few German birthday songs to gain widespread popularity in German-speaking countries. Wie schà ¶n, dass du geboren bist  (â€Å"How nice that you  were born†) was written in 1981  by the Hamburg-born musician and producer Rolf Zuckowski (1947- ). It  has become a standard in German childcare facilities, schools, and at private birthday parties and has even been elevated to folk song status in its short life. Zuckowski is best known for writing and singing childrens songs and has released over 40 albums in his career.  In 2007, he worked with illustrator Julia Ginsbach to publish  a baby album for parents, using the title of  this song. German Lyrics Direct Translation by Hyde Flippo Heute kann es regnen,strmen oder schnein,denn du strahlst ja selberwie der Sonnenschein.Heut ist dein Geburtstag,darum feiern wir,alle deine Freunde,freuen sich mit dir. Today it can rain,storm or snow,because you yourself are beaminglike sunshine.Today is your birthday,thats why were celebrating.All your friends,are happy for you. Refrain: *Wie schn, dass du geboren bist,wir htten dich sonst sehr vermisst.wie schn, dass wir beisammen sind,wir gratulieren dir, Geburtstagskind! Refrain:How nice that you were born,we would have really missed you otherwise.how nice that were all together;we congratulate you, birthday child! Unsre guten Wnschehaben ihren Grund:Bitte bleib noch langeglcklich und gesund.Dich so froh zu sehen,ist was uns gefllt,Trnen gibt es schongenug auf dieser Welt. Our good wisheshave their purpose (reason):Please stay longhappy and healthy.Seeing you so happy,is what we like.There are tearsenough in this world. Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch,das ist ganz egal,dein Geburtstag kommt im Jahrdoch nur einmal.Darum lass uns feiern,dass die Schwarte kracht,*Heute wird getanzt,gesungen und gelacht. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,that doesnt really matter,but your birthday comes onlyonce a year.So let us celebrate,until were exhausted,*Today theres dancing,singing and laughter. Wieder ein Jahr lter,nimm es nicht so schwer,denn am lterwerdennderst du nichts mehr.Zhle deine Jahreund denk stets daran:Sie sind wie ein Schatz,den dir keiner nehmen kann. Another year older,(but) dont take it so hard,because when it comes to agingyou cant change anything anymore.Count your yearsand always remember:They are a treasure,that no one can take from you. * The refrain is repeated between each of the following verses and again at the end. *  German idiom:  arbeiten, dass die Schwarte kracht to work until one drops,  lit., to work until the rind cracks The German lyrics are provided for educational use only. No infringement of copyright is implied or intended. The literal, prose translations of the  original German  lyrics by Hyde Flippo.

The History and Invention of the Paperclip

The History and Invention of the Paperclip Historical references describe fastening papers together as early as the 13th century. During this time, people put ribbon through parallel incisions in the upper left-hand corner of pages. Later, people started to wax the ribbons to make them stronger and easier to undo and redo. This was the way people clipped papers together for the next six hundred years. In 1835, a New York physician named John Ireland Howe invented the machine for mass-producing straight pins, which then became a popular way to fasten papers together (although they were not originally designed for that purpose). Straight pins were designed to be used in sewing and tailoring, to temporally fasten cloth together. Johan Vaaler Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor with degrees in electronics, science, and mathematics, invented the paperclip in 1899. He received a patent for his design from Germany in 1899, as Norway had no patent laws at that time. Vaaler was an employee at a local invention office when he created the paperclip. He received an American patent in 1901. The patent abstract says, It consists of forming same of a spring material, such as a piece of wire, that is bent to a rectangular, triangular, or otherwise shaped hoop, the end parts of which wire piece form members or tongues lying side by side in contrary directions. Vaaler was the first person to patent a paperclip design, although other unpatented designs might have existed first. American inventor Cornelius J. Brosnan filed for an American patent for a paperclip in 1900. He called his invention the Konaclip. A History of Paperclips It was a company called the Gem Manufacturing Ltd. of England that first designed the double oval-shaped, standard paperclip. This familiar and famous paperclip  was and still is referred to as the Gem clip. William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut, patented a machine for making paperclips of the Gem design in 1899. The Gem paperclip was never patented. People have been re-inventing the paperclip over and over again. The designs that have been the most successful are the Gem with its double oval shape, the non-skid which held in place well, the ideal used for thick wads of paper, and the owl paperclip that does not get tangled up with other paperclips. World War II Protest During World War II, Norwegians were prohibited from wearing any buttons with the likeness or initials of their king on them. In protest, they started wearing paperclips, because paperclips were a Norwegian invention whose original function was to bind together. This was a protest against the Nazi occupation and wearing a paperclip could have gotten them arrested. Other Uses A paperclips metal wire can be easily unfolded. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is seen on most  CD-ROM  drives as an emergency eject should the power fail. Various  smartphones  require the use of a long, thin object such as a paperclip to eject the  SIM card. Paperclips can also be bent into a sometimes effective  lock-picking  device. Some types of  handcuffs  can be unfastened using paper clips.

Comparative Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparative Theory - Essay Example Modern revolutions in ways of thinking have taken place, and they resemble in substantial ways the revolutions in thinking of the fourth century B.C. These revolutions occur with great pain and difficulty and have made a lot of people angry, including Plato to a limited extent in the ancient era, and literacy hounds such as Allan Bloom to a great extent in the present era. The belief persists now that visual texts are inherently inferior to written texts, a belief that has gone through many permutations since the invention of the camera and that has resulted in discussions about the nature of "realism." The unexamined belief in the inferiority of visual texts continues to saturate the academy in the United States. Many people now will routinely acknowledge the idea that film and video are "artistic" media. However, their own responses to these media often indicate that these newer symbol systems are not in fact taken as seriously as symbol systems such as print or painting or music. The most compelling evidence for this marginalization of newer discourse technologies lies in their integration in general education requirements. They are regarded as peripheral concerns, unrelated to the study of print texts. Aristotelianism," as it has been called derives from print culture. The grammar of film and the grammar of video have not been integrated into enough film. Classical Rhetoric is a discipline that teaches man the rules and principles of fluent expression, knowing and doing good, master certain techniques and familiarizing himself with the good, the True and the Beautiful. It involves the study of fundamental principles of political philosophy, ethics and traditional psychology. It assists the learner to give a political speech and also learn elements of good character (Corbett, 1990) Beginning at a young age with practice in imitating the writing of others, rhetoric study extends in later years into the specific study of persuasive expression. There is no better place to begin this latter kind of study than with Aristotle's Rhetoric. Aristotle taught that there were three elements of communication: the speaker, the audience, and the speech itself. In fact, his book is broken down into three parts, one on each of these elements of rhetoric. Aristotle adds the three kinds of persuasive speech: political speech, legal speech and ceremonial speech. In political speech, the audience is some body of decision-makers like a political assembly. Its subject is the future, and its object is to move the audience to take some course of action. The end of this kind of speech is suitability, which is a kind of good. Political rhetoric, therefore, is highly moral or ethical in character. (Atwill, 1998) In a legal speech, the subject is the past, and the object is the determination of what has or has not in fact happened. A lawyer arguing a case in court would be an example of a legal speaker, although anyone who argues to an audience about past events would count as a legal speaker. The end of legal speech is the determination of the truth, making it very logical in nature. A ceremonial speaker would address the present and would concern himself with the present honor or dishonor of someone. He would engage in the praise or blame to achieve his object. The person giving an eulogy and certain kinds of sermons would engage in this sort of rhetoric. Because of its ceremonial nature (which is why it is often referred to as the rhetoric of display), ceremonial rhetoric is

Interpreting Research Questions Using MANOVA Essay

Interpreting Research Questions Using MANOVA - Essay Example The article reports multiple dependent and independent variables in the subject study. The set of independent variables consists of the types of care services as offered by the care facilities that were involved in the research. These include substance abuse care services: â€Å"assessment, referral for detoxification, intensive outpatient treatment, toxicology, 12- step groups, individual and group counseling, linkage to methadone maintenance, relapse prevention and recreation† (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007, p. 399, 400). Domestic violence factors include â€Å"24-hour crisis, shelter, case management, psycho education, advocacy or protection orders, transportation, children’s program, and individual, group, or mother child counseling† (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007, p. 400). Dependent variables consist of three factors, â€Å"women’s experience of battering,† â€Å"domestic violence self efficacy,† and the number of days in which the participants abused drugs (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007, p. 400). The journal uses different levels of measurement to represent the research’s data. While it applies nominal level of measurement for the independent variables, ordinal level is applied for the three categories of dependent variables. In a nominal level of measurement, numbers are assigned to items for mere identification purposes while such numbers hold preference values in ordinal level of measurement (Melnyk and Overholt, 2010). The research analyzes five variables, two independent variables, and three dependent variables. Even though the article does not explicitly offer a research question, it answers the question, ‘what are the effects of coordinated services for drug abusing women who are victims of intimate partner violence?’ The results that show reduced levels of substance abuse and higher efficiency among the women support this (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007). The second article explores